Food Marketing to Children and Youth Threat or Opportunity? (2006) / Chapter Skim
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3 Factors Shaping Food and Beverage Consumption of Children and Youth
3 Factors Shaping Food and Beverage Consumption of Children and Youth
Pages 91-132
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From page 91... ...
From this perspective, child and adolescent eating behaviors are conceptualized as a function of individual and environmental influences, or spheres of influence. These include biological factors, familial and social relationships, neighborhood, community, and institutional settings, culture and values, and broader social and economic trends.
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From page 92... ...
Current studies are inadequate to explain with certainty how individual and environmental influences interact to influence dietary behaviors and health outcomes of children and youth. Simultaneous analyses of sociodemographic, psychological, developmental, and environmental factors and their interactions with food choices are rare in the literature.
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From page 93... ...
. In today's food environment, children's predispositions and adults' responses to them can promote food preferences and intake patterns that foster less healthful eating patterns that can contribute to the development of obesity (Birch, 1999)
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From page 94... ...
. These studies suggest that genetic taste factors may play an important role in the development of food preferences and dietary intake in children (Keller et al., 2002)
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. In studies assessing motivation for vending snack choices and food choices at school, adolescents rated taste as the most important factor to consider, followed by hunger and price (French et al., 1999; Shannon et al., 2002)
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From page 96... ...
can markedly affect eating behaviors and dietary intake. Growing independence and eating away from home, concern with appearance and body weight, the need for peer acceptance, and busy schedules all can impact eating patterns and food choices.
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From page 97... ...
. Self-reported food preferences are one of the strongest predictors of food choices and dietary intake (Baranowski et al., 2002; Birch and Fisher, 1998; Drewnowski and Hann, 1999; Woodward et al., 1996)
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From page 98... ...
Gender Gender differences in food choices and dietary intakes emerge as children move into adolescence. During childhood food intakes are similar between girls and boys.
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of the students reported that eating healthful foods was important to them, only 27 percent were motivated by health in making food choices (Shannon et al., 2002)
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From page 100... ...
These effects were independent of gender, weight, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. An extensive body of research supports a strong relationship between depression and eating disorders among adolescents, as well as depression and weight dissatisfaction, negative body image, and disordered eating behaviors (Fulkerson et al., 2004b)
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From page 101... ...
. The few studies that have examined adolescent weight control behaviors and associations with dietary intakes have had inconsistent results (Barr, 1995; French et al., 1995; Neumark-Sztainer et al., 2000; Story et al., 1998)
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From page 102... ...
In contrast to 1525 years ago, quick serve restaurants and full serve restaurants use larger portion sizes in their marketing promotions. Restaurants are using larger dinner plates and quick serve restaurants are using larger containers for drinks and french fries (Young and Nestle, 2002)
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From page 103... ...
of all cereal requests were for presweetened breakfast cereals. Research indicates that parents honor children's requests for food about half of the time: carbonated soft drinks (60 percent)
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From page 104... ...
Teens are much more brand loyal when buying personal-hygiene products than when buying food or apparel. Of food products, carbonated soft drinks and quick serve restaurants have the highest brand loyalty among teenagers (Zollo, 1999)
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From page 105... ...
the family transmits food attitudes, food preferences, brand preferences, and values that may affect lifetime eating habits. The home is where the majority of eating occasions and calorie intake occur for both children and adolescents.
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From page 106... ...
scores (indicative of poorer diet quality) , lower intakes of iron and fiber, and higher intakes of carbonated soft drinks and fried potatoes, and were more likely to skip morning meals than children of nonworking mothers.
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From page 107... ...
. Evidence shows that dietary intakes and dietary patterns in families vary depending on economic circumstances.
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From page 108... ...
Availability of carbonated soft drinks in the home has also been found to be strongly associated with carbonated soft drink consumption among 8- to 13-year-olds (Grimm et al., 2004)
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. One study found motherdaughter similarities in milk and carbonated soft drinks consumption (Fisher et al., 2000)
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Peers Children and adolescents spend a substantial amount of time with their peers and friends through child-care or school settings, after-school programs, sports activities, or recreation time. The social influence of the peer group affecting food preferences and food choices is not well explored, and the few studies done have not found consistent results.
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From page 111... ...
Given that children in full-time child care could receive up to two meals and snacks per day through these programs, child-care settings could have a substantial impact on children's dietary intakes. However, there is little research that has assessed the nutritional quality of foods in child-care settings.
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From page 112... ...
Schools The school food environment can have a large impact on children's and adolescents' dietary intake. National data show that foods eaten from the school cafeteria comprise 1950 percent of students' total daily calorie intake during a school day (Burghardt et al., 1993; Gleason and Suitor, 2001)
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From page 113... ...
recently reported that salty snacks, sweet-baked foods, carbonated soft drinks, and candy were available in at least one-third of high schools and middle schools with competitive foods, although alternative foods were commonly available in all of these schools (e.g., water, milk, juice, fruit, yogurt)
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From page 114... ...
(2001b) found that the frequency of quick serve restaurants use was positively associated with total calories, percentage of calories from fat, and daily servings of carbonated soft drinks and french fries, and negatively associated with daily servings of fruit, vegetables, and milk.
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They found that predominantly African American neighborhoods have 2.4 quick serve restaurants per square mile compared to 1.5 restaurants in predominantly white neighborhoods. However, population density was not controlled for in the analysis.
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Five types of products were assessed: fresh fruits, fresh green vegetables or tomatoes, high-fiber bread, low-fat milk, and diet carbonated soft drinks. Only 18 percent of East Harlem stores stocked these foods, compared with 58 percent of stores on the Upper East Side.
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From page 117... ...
increases similarity across cultures. Likewise, there are examples of large quick serve restaurants and food and beverage companies that have restaurants and distribute their products in many countries around the world today and therefore may promote common food preferences among people worldwide.
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From page 118... ...
. Dissatisfaction with weight and shape and a poor body image is linked to dieting, less healthful weight control methods, depression, anxiety and eating disorders (Davison et al., 2003; Ohring et al., 2002; Stice and Whitenton, 2002)
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food system is a vital part of the American economy. In 2000, the food marketing system accounted for 7.7 percent of the U.S.
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In contrast, many manufactured foods require considerable processing before they are distributed. These foods include prepared entrees, baked goods, salty snacks, confectioneries, and carbonated soft drinks.
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Federal Food Assistance Programs The nation's domestic federal nutrition assistance programs provide an important source of food for many low-income children and adults. One in five Americans receive food assistance from at least one of the 15 nutrition assistance programs over the course of a year (USDA, 2005; Chapter 6)
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. Although the USDA's nutrition assistance programs vary greatly in size, target populations, and delivery mechanisms, they all provide children of low-income households with food, the means to purchase food, and nutrition education.
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SUMMARY The committee's review of the elements shaping the food and beverage consumption of children and adolescents underscores the importance of using an ecological perspective to understand the interactions among factors that influence food preferences and eating behaviors. Multiple influences -- individual and developmental factors, family and social elements, institutions, communities, and macrosystems -- interact to shape the food and beverage consumption patterns of children and youth.
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From page 124... ...
These efforts need to focus on changing individual behaviors, the social environment, and social norms around eating behaviors. Individual change is more likely to be facilitated and sustained in an environment that supports healthful food choices.
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1993. The School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study: School Food Service, Meals Offered, and Dietary Intakes.
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1999. Food preferences and reported frequencies of food consump tion as predictors of current diet in young women.
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2001b. Fast food restau rant use among adolescents: Associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behav ioral and psychosocial variables.
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1998. A Dietary Assessment of the US Food Supply: Comparing Per Capita Food Consumption with Food Guide Pyramid Serving Recommendations.
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2000. How do children's eating patterns and food choices change over time?
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1999. Factors influencing food choices of adolescents: Findings from focus-group discussions with adolescents.
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1987. Family environment, not heredity, accounts for family resem blances in food preferences and attitudes: A twin study.
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2003b. Modifying children's food preferences: The effects of exposure and reward on acceptance of an unfamiliar vegetable.
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