The Changing Transitions to Adulthood in Developing Countries Selected Studies (2005) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction--Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Behrman, Nelly P. Stromquist, and Barney Cohen
1 Introduction--Cynthia B. Lloyd, Jere R. Behrman, Nelly P. Stromquist, and Barney Cohen
Pages 1-12
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by the international community in 2000. The accomplishment of many of these goals, including the reduction in the incidence of extreme poverty, the achievement of universal primary school, gender equity and women's empowerment, reductions in maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS, and the promotion of youth employment, requires a policy emphasis on investments in young people.
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This companion volume contains revised versions of the best of these background papers that the panel commissioned along the way. Because these studies were selected to fill unique gaps in the existing literature, they should not be taken to constitute a comprehensive collection of all potentially relevant topics related to transitions to adulthood in developing countries.
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Furthermore, though there has been a tendency for convergence for many aspects of the economy, the pattern is mixed for the important overall economic indicators of economic growth rates and per capita product. In particular, two of the regions -- Latin America and the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa -- have diverged negatively with regard to economic growth rates, and only two of the regions -- East Asia and the Pacific and South Asia -- have been converging rather than diverging in terms of per capita real product.
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Declining fertility rates compete with population momentum to determine the size of birth cohorts, with the increasing numbers of childbearing-age women outpacing the declining fertility rates for many years of the transition. The size of birth cohorts continued growing in Brazil until around 1982, even though fertility rates and family size had been falling since the 1960s.
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Not only are rates of enrollment significantly higher relative to attendance data from recent nationally representative household surveys, but gender parity ratios as estimated from UNESCO data suggest a greater remaining gap in attendance than do recent comparable household survey data. The authors argue that nationally representative household data provide a useful baseline from which to build.
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In order to better understand the dynamics of union formation, surveys need to collect information on the social, cultural, and economic factors that affect life decisions among young people, including contextual factors that reflect the opportunity structures available. Analyses of such data will permit the development of a more nuanced picture of one of the key transitions in the pathway from adolescence to adulthood.
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Notably, even a primary education is associated with sharply increased marital age, and the association with education remains powerful in both cohorts and settings. Sociocultural context -- as measured by religion and setting -- suggests that compared to the Muslims of Uttar Pradesh, the Hindus of this state marry significantly earlier, while both Muslim and Hindu women from Tamil Nadu are significantly more likely to delay marriage.
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More comprehensive, direct, and context-specific strategies must simultaneously be sought -- raising community awareness of the negative effects of early marriage and countering fears of allowing girls to remain single, providing for the acquisition of usable vocational and life skills, and enhancing young women's real access to, and control over, economic resources and decision making relating to their own lives. The final chapter in this section, by Agnes Quisumbing and Kelly Hallman, contributes to the literature on marriage patterns by analyzing data on husband's and wife's human and physical capital and conditions surrounding marriage based on comparable micro household data from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Mexico, the Philippines, and South Africa.
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THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS TRANSITIONS The next three chapters in the volume investigate multidimensional aspects of the various transitions to adulthood in different contexts. In Chapter 8, Emily Hannum and Jihong Liu consider the case of adolescents in China, the most populous country in the world, which alone accounts for more than a fifth of youth currently in the developing world.
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Wealthier adolescents and those in urban areas are more likely to be in school than their poor rural counterparts, and thus enjoy significant advantages in a labor market that increasingly rewards credentials. The mark of rural poverty is clear in the elevated likelihood of rural youth participating in the labor force, in the high percentage of working youth employed in agriculture, and in the largescale youth and young adult migration into urban settings.
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The chapter separates the net influences of individual attributes from the fixed and random context-dependent effects, documents the significance of both the fixed and the random effects of the community and the province context, net of the fixed and random effects of individual- and household-level covariates, and assesses their differential implications for young males versus young females given their socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds. The study finds significant multilevel influences on young people's successful transitions to adulthood including socioeconomic status, ethnic affiliation, community and regional contexts in Cameroon, and these influences operate differently by gender.
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The study combines information from different sources to provide new estimates of such returns, which in some cases appear to be quite substantial, particularly related to schooling. Thus, the chapter elaborates on a procedure for thinking about and evaluating the relative merits of different policy interventions related to youth in diverse contexts throughout the developing world.
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