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From page 122... ... TABLE 1 Dietary Reference Intakes for Dietary Fat: Total Fat and Fatty Acids by Life Stage Group DRI Values (g/day) a-Linolenic Acid/AI Total Fat/AIa Linoleic Acid/AI Life stage group Males and Female 0 through 6 mo 31 4.4 0.5 7 through 12 mo 30 4.6 0.5 NDb 1 through 3 y 7 0.7 4 through 8 y ND 10 0.9 Males 9 through 13 y ND 12 1.2 14 through 18 y ND 16 1.6 19 through 30 y ND 17 1.6 31 through 50 y ND 17 1.6 51 through 70 y ND 14 1.6 > 70 y ND 14 1.6 Females 9 through 13 y ND 10 1.0 14 through 18 y ND 11 1.1 19 through 30 y ND 12 1.1 31 through 50 y ND 12 1.1 51 through 70 y ND 11 1.1 > 70 y ND 11 1.1 Pregnancy All ages ND 13 1.4 Lactation All ages ND 13 1.3 a AI = Adequate Intake. Read the entire page →
From page 123... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 123 DIETARY FAT: TOTAL FAT AND FATTY ACIDS A major source of energy for the body, fat also aids in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K, and other food components, such as carotenoids. Dietary fat consists mainly (98 percent) Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 124 acids because any incremental increase in intake increases the risk of CHD. It is recommended that individuals maintain their saturated fatty acid consumption as low as possible, while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet. Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 125 acids, there is a positive linear trend between trans fatty acid intake and LDL cholesterol concentration and therefore an increased risk of coronary heart diseases. It is recommended that individuals maintain their trans fatty acid consumption as low as possible without compromising the nutritional adequacy of their diet. Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 126 TABLE 2 Major Dietary Fatty Acids Category of Fatty Acid Specific Fatty Acids Found in the Diet caprylic acid, 8:0a Saturated fatty acids • • caproic acid, 10:0 • lauric acid, 12:0 • myristic acid, 14:0 • palmitic acid, 16:0 • stearic acid, 18:0 Cis monounsaturated fatty acids • myristoleic acid, 14:1 n-7 • palmitoleic acid, 16:1 n-7 • oleic acid, 18:1 n-9 (account for 92% of monounsaturated dietary fatty acids) • cis-vaccenic acid, 18:1 n-7 • eicosenoic acid, 20:1 n-9 • erucic acid, 22:1 n-9 Cis polyunsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid,b 18:2 n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid • g-linoleic acid, 18:3 • dihomo-g-linolenic acid, 20:3 • • arachidonic acid, 20:4 • adrenic acid, 22:4 • docosapentaenoic acid, 22:5 a-linolenic acid,b 18:3 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid • • eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5 • docosapentaenoic acid, 22:5 • docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6 Trans fatty acid • 9-trans, 18:1; 9-trans, 16:1; 9-cis,11-trans, 18:2; 9-trans,12-cis, 18:2; 9-cis,12-trans, 18:2 a The first value refers to chain length or number of carbon atoms and the second value refers to the number of double bonds. Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 127 TABLE 3 The Functions of Fat and Fatty Acids Fat and Fatty Acids Function Total fata • Major source of energy • Aids in absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins and carotenoids Saturated fatty acids • Sources of energy • Structural components of cell membranes • Enable normal function of proteins Cis monounsaturated fatty acids • Key components of membrane structural lipids, particularly nervous tissue myelin Cis polyunsaturated fatty acids n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids • Substrates for eicosanoid production, including prostaglandins • Precursors of arachidonic acid • Components of membrane structural lipids • Important in cell signaling pathways • Vital for normal epithelial cell function • Involved in the regulation of genes for proteins that regulate fatty acid synthesis n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids • Precursors for synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 128 almost completely absorbed. Following absorption, the fats are reassembled together with cholesterol, phospholipids, and apoproteins into chylomicrons, which enter the circulation through the thoracic duct. Read the entire page →
From page 129... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 129 CIS-POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS • n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Digestion and absorption of n-6 fatty ac ids is efficient and occurs via the same pathways as those of other long chain fatty acids (see "Total Fat" above) Read the entire page →
From page 130... ... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 130 ever, because of the importance of fat to provide the energy needed for growth, AIs were set for infants aged 0 through 12 months. These AIs were based on the observed mean fat intake of infants who were principally fed human milk (0–6 months) Read the entire page →
From page 131... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 131 Criteria for Determining Fat Requirements, by Life Stage Group TOTAL FAT Life stage groupa Criterion 0 through 6 mo Average consumption of total fat from human milk 7 through 12 mo Average consumption of total fat from human milk and complementary foods LINOLEIC ACID Life stage group Criterion 0 through 6 mo Average consumption of total n-6 fatty acids from human milk 7 through 12 mo Average consumption of total n-6 fatty acids from human milk and complementary foods Median intake from CSFIIb 1 through 18 y 19 through 50 y Median intake from CSFII for 19 to 30 y group 51 y and through 70 y Median intake from CSFII > 70 y Median intake from CSFII for 51 through 70 y group Pregnancy Median intake from CSFII for all pregnant women Lactation Median intake from CSFII for all lactating women ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID Life stage group Criterion 0 through 6 mo Average consumption of total n-3 fatty acids from human milk 7 through 12 mo Average consumption of total n-3 fatty acids from human milk and complementary foods Median intake from CSFIIb 1 through 18 y 19 y and older Median intake from CSFII for all adult age groups Pregnancy Median intake from CSFII for all pregnant women Lactation Median intake from CSFII for all lactating women a A DRI value for total fat was not set for any life stage group other than infants. b Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (1994–1996, 1998) Read the entire page →
From page 132... ... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 132 The AMDR An AMDR has been estimated for total fat at 20–35 percent of energy for adults and children aged 4 and older and 30–40 percent for children ages 1 through 3. The AMDRs for n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid) Read the entire page →
From page 133... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 133 and poultry products, whole milk, egg yolk, nuts, and baked goods, such as cookies, doughnuts, and cakes. In general, animal fats have higher melting points and are solid at room temperature, which is a reflection of their high content of saturated fatty acids. Read the entire page →
From page 134... ... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 134 TABLE 4 Commonly Consumed Food Sources of Fatty Acids Fatty Acid Food Sources Saturated fatty acids Sources tend to be animal-based foods, including whole milk, cream, butter, cheese, and fatty meats such as pork and beef. Coconut, palm, and palm kernel oils also contain relatively high amounts of saturated fatty acids. Read the entire page →
From page 135... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 135 Similarly, populations that consume high-fat diets (i.e., ≥ 40 percent of energy) and experience a low prevalence of chronic diseases often include people who engage in heavy physical labor, are lean, and have a low family history of chronic diseases. Read the entire page →
From page 136... ... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 136 triacylglycerol concentration, slightly increasing HDL concentration, modulat ing endothelial function, and decreasing proinflammatory eicosanoids. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF OVERCONSUMPTION As mentioned earlier, there is no defined level of fat intake at which an adverse effect, such as obesity, can occur. Read the entire page →
From page 137... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 137 TABLE 5 Potential Adverse Effects of Fatty Acid Overconsumption Fatty Acid Potential Adverse Effects of Overconsumption Saturated fatty acids In general, the higher the saturated fatty acid intake, the higher the serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations. There is a positive linear relationship between serum total and LDL cholesterol concentrations and the risk of CHD or mortality from CHD. Read the entire page →
From page 138... ... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 138 Interaction of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid metabolism: Many studies, primarily in animals, have suggested that the balance between linoleic and a-linolenic acids is important in determining the amounts of arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) , and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) Read the entire page →
From page 139... ... PART II: DIETARY FAT 139 ✓ The main food sources of total fat are butter, margarine, vegetable oils, visible fat on meat and poultry products, whole milk, egg yolk, nuts, and baked goods. ✓ Neither an EAR (and thus RDA) Read the entire page →

From page 122...

... TABLE 1 Dietary Reference Intakes for Dietary Fat: Total Fat and Fatty Acids by Life Stage Group DRI Values (g/day) a-Linolenic Acid/AI Total Fat/AIa Linoleic Acid/AI Life stage group Males and Female 0 through 6 mo 31 4.4 0.5 7 through 12 mo 30 4.6 0.5 NDb 1 through 3 y 7 0.7 4 through 8 y ND 10 0.9 Males 9 through 13 y ND 12 1.2 14 through 18 y ND 16 1.6 19 through 30 y ND 17 1.6 31 through 50 y ND 17 1.6 51 through 70 y ND 14 1.6 > 70 y ND 14 1.6 Females 9 through 13 y ND 10 1.0 14 through 18 y ND 11 1.1 19 through 30 y ND 12 1.1 31 through 50 y ND 12 1.1 51 through 70 y ND 11 1.1 > 70 y ND 11 1.1 Pregnancy All ages ND 13 1.4 Lactation All ages ND 13 1.3 a AI = Adequate Intake.