Dietary Reference Intakes The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Pages 447-458
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 447... ...
PART IV: APPENDIX D 447 D GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS AAP American Academy of Pediatrics ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Accommodation An adaptative response that allows survival, but at the expense of some more or less serious consequences on health or physiological function ACE Angiotensin converting enzyme Action Demonstrated effects in various biological systems that may or may not have physiological significance Acute exposure An exposure to a toxin or excess amount of a nutrient that is short term, perhaps as short as one day or one dose. In this report it generally refers to total exposure (diet plus supplements)
|
From page 448... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 448 ATP Adenosine triphosphate AUC Area under the curve BEE Basal energy expenditure Bias Used in a statistical sense, referring to a tendency of an estimate to deviate from a true value (as by reason of nonrandom sampling)
|
From page 449... ...
PART IV: APPENDIX D 449 DASH Diet Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet; a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat diary products and reduced in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol DASH-Sodium Trial A clinical trial that tested the effects on blood pressure of three different sodium levels in two distinct diets DASH Trial A clinical trial that tested the effects of different dietary patterns on blood pressure DDS Delayed dermal sensitivity Deficiency An abnormal physiological condition resulting from inadequate intake of a nutrient or multiple nutrients. Dehydration The process of decreasing total body water; lower than normal total body water (euhydration)
|
From page 450... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 450 Distribution of usual The distribution of long-run average dietary or nutrient intakes intakes of individuals in the population. The distribution should reflect only the individual-to individual variability in intakes.
|
From page 451... ...
PART IV: APPENDIX D 451 Food balance sheet See Disappearance data Fore milk Human milk collected at the beginning of an infant feeding Former RDA and RNI Recommended daily dietary intake level of a nutrient sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all healthy persons in a particular life stage and gender group. These standards were last issued in the United States in 1989 (RDA, Recommended Dietary Allowance)
|
From page 452... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 452 IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer ICC Indian childhood cirrhosis ICCIDD International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders ICF Intracellular fluid ICT Idiopathic copper toxicosis IM Intramuscular Inadequacy of nutrient Intake of a nutrient that fails to meet the individual's intake requirement for that nutrient Interindividual variability Variability from person to person Intraindividual variability Variability within one person. The term is generally used to refer to day-to-day variation in reported intakes, also called the within-person variation or standard deviation within (SDwithin)
|
From page 453... ...
PART IV: APPENDIX D 453 MAP Mean arterial pressure; diastolic pressure times 2 plus systolic pressure over 3; the average pressure during a cardiac cycle MCH Mean corpuscular hemoglobin -- the amount of hemoglobin in erythrocytes (red blood cells) MCL Maximum contaminant level; a level set by the U.S.
|
From page 454... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 454 Normal distribution In the statistical sense, refers to a specific type of distribution of the values for a parameter within a group or population. The distribution is symmetrical and the mean ± 2 standard deviations will encompass the parameter for 95 percent of the individuals in the group.
|
From page 455... ...
PART IV: APPENDIX D 455 Probability of inadequacy Outcome of a calculation that compares an individual's usual intake to the distribution of requirements for persons of the same life stage and gender to determine the probability that the individual's intake does not meet his or her requirement. a-Carotene, b-carotene, and b-cryptoxanthin Provitamin A carotenoids Psychogenic polydipsia The excessive consumption of fluid, especially water, among chronic psychiatric patients, particularly those with schizophrenia PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid RAR Retinoic acid receptor RBC Red blood cell RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance; a category of Dietary Reference Intakes RE Retinol equivalent REE Resting Energy Expenditure Requirement The lowest continuing intake level of a nutrient that will maintain a defined level of nutriture in a healthy individual Rhabdomyolysis Injury to skeletal muscle tissue that results in the destruction of skeletal muscle cells and allows for the escape of cellular contents into the extracellular fluid, leading to renal failure and compartment syndromes Risk The probability or likelihood that some unwanted effect will occur; in this report, refers to an unwanted effect from too small or too large an intake of a nutrient Risk assessment The organized framework for evaluating scientific information that has as its objective a characterization of the nature and likelihood of harm resulting from excess human exposure to an environmental agent (in this case, a nutrient)
|
From page 456... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 456 Risk management Process by which risk assessment results are integrated with other information to make decisions about the need for, method of, and extent of risk reduction; in addition, it considers such issues as the public health significance of the risk, the technical feasibility of achieving various degrees of risk control, and the economic and social costs of this control Risk of excess In relation to the DRIs, the likelihood that an individual will exceed the UL for a particular nutrient Risk of exposure In the toxicological sense, the likelihood that individuals will experience contact with a toxin (or consume levels of a nutrient above the UL) Risk of inadequacy The likelihood that an individual will have usual intake of a particular nutrient that is less than the individual's requirement RMR Resting metabolic rate RNA Ribonucleic acid RNI Recommended Nutrient Intake RNS Reactive nitrogen species ROS Reactive oxygen species RQ Respiratory quotient RXR Retinoid X receptor Salt sensitivity The extent of blood pressure change in response to a reduction in salt intake; the term "salt-sensitive blood pressure" applies to those individuals or subgroups who experience the greatest reduction in blood pressure from a given reduction in salt intake SD Standard deviation SDA Specific dynamic action SE Standard error Selenite and selenate Inorganic selenium, the forms found in many dietary supplements Selenomethionine Major dietary forms of selenium and selenocysteine Selenosis Selenium toxicity characterized by hair loss and nail sloughing SEM Standard error of the mean Sensitivity analysis Technique of varying the implicit assumptions or presumed conditions of an analysis approach to see how much this affects the overall outcome SHRSP Stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive (inbred strain of rats)
|
From page 457... ...
PART IV: APPENDIX D 457 SMR Sleeping metabolic rate SOD Superoxide dismutase sTfR Soluble transferrin receptor Symmetrical distribution A distribution that has the same number of values (observations) above and below the mean and has equal proportions of these values around the mean TBW Total body water TDS Total Diet Study; a study conducted by the Food and Drug Administration a-TE a-Tocopherol equivalent TEE Total energy expenditure TEF Thermic effect of food Threshold The point in a dose–response curve that is accepted as the point beyond which a risk of adverse effects occurs TIBC Total iron binding capacity TMA Trimethylamine a-Tocopherol The only form of vitamin E that is maintained in human plasma and thus it is the only form utilized to estimate the vitamin E requirement Total water Includes drinking water, water in beverages, and water that is part of food Toxicity An adverse condition relating to or caused by a toxin TPN Total parenteral nutrition TPP Thiamin pyrophosphate TRH Thyrotropin-releasing hormone True prevalence The actual prevalence of a condition assuming no error in measurement of either requirements or intakes that would result in false negative or false positive classifications TSH Thyroid stimulating hormone, also known as thyrotropin a-TTP a-Tocopherol transfer protein UF Uncertainty factor; the number by which the NOAEL (or LOAEL)
|
From page 458... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 458 Usual intake The long-run average intake of food, nutrients, or a specific nutrient for an individual Variance of usual intakes In the statistical sense, reflects the spread of the or requirements distribution of usual intakes or requirements on both sides of the mean intake or requirement. When the variance of a distribution is low, the likelihood of seeing values that are far away from the mean is low; in contrast, when the variance is large, the likelihood of seeing values that are far away from the mean is high.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.