Dietary Reference Intakes The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006) / Chapter Skim
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From page 5... ...
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 5 INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES I n 1941, the National Research Council issued its first set of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamins, minerals, protein, and energy.
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DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 6 expanded upon the RDAs and RNIs. Reflecting updated scientific and statistical understandings, this decade-long review resulted in the development of the family of reference values collectively known as the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
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PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 7 BOX 1 The DRI Publications Nutrient-specific reports: • DRIs for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997) • DRIs for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998)
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DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 8 BOX 2 DRI Definitions Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) : The average daily nutrient intake level that is estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.a Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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From page 9... ...
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 9 As discussed earlier, the previous RDAs and RNIs were originally only intended to plan nutritional adequacy for groups. But because previous RDAs and RNIs were the only values available to health professionals, they were also used to assess and plan the diets of individuals and to make judgments about excess intakes for both individuals and groups.
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DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 10 serves as the nutritionally important reference value. In most cases, the amounts derived from day-to-day intake may vary substantially without ill effect.
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PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 11 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) A growing body of evidence indicates that an imbalance in macro nutrients (e.g., low or high percent of energy)
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DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 12 EAR 1.0 1.0 RDA UL Risk of Adverse Effects Risk of Inadequacy 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 Observed Level of Intake FIGURE 1 Relationship between Dietary Reference Intakes. This figure shows that the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
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PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 13 various periods of the human lifespan. Reference heights and weights for life stage and gender groups were used for extrapolations performed on the basis of body weight or size.
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DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 14 early lactation. Specific recommended intakes to meet the needs of formula-fed infants have not been set.
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PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 15 RDAs and AIs were derived for girls and boys. Several indicators support the biological appropriateness of creating two adolescent age groups and gender groups: • Age 10 years as the mean age of onset of breast development for white females in the United States; this is a physical marker for the beginning of increased estrogen secretion (in African American girls, onset is about a year earlier, for unknown reasons)
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DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 16 • Adaptations to increased nutrient demand, such as increased absorp tion and greater conservation of many nutrients • Net loss of nutrients due to physiological mechanisms, regardless of intake, such as seen with calcium in lactation Due to the last two factors, for some nutrients there may not be a basis for setting EAR/RDA or AI values for pregnant or lactating women that differ from the values set for other women of comparable age. Reference Heights and Weights Reference heights and weights for life stage and gender groups are useful when more specificity about body size and nutrient requirements is needed than that provided by life stage categories.
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From page 17... ...
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES 17 TABLE 1 Reference Heights and Weights for Children and Adults Median Body Median Reference Mass Indexa Weight,b Reference (kg/m2) Height,a cm (in)
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