Dietary Reference Intakes The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements (2006) / Chapter Skim
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From page 70... ...
TABLE 1 Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges AMDR (as percent of energy) a Children Children Adults Macronutrient 1–3 y 4–18 y Fat 30–40 25–35 20–35 n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acidsb (linoleic acid)
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From page 71... ...
MACRONUTRIENTS, HEALTHFUL DIETS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 71 MACRONUTRIENTS, HEALTHFUL DIETS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY U nlike vitamins and minerals, fats, carbohydrates, and proteins can sub stitute for one another to some extent in order to meet the body's en ergy needs. Thus, for a certain level of energy intake, increasing the proportion of one macronutrient necessitates decreasing the proportion of one or both of the other macronutrients.
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From page 72... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 72 Finally, the chapter reviews the available data regarding the relationships between major chronic diseases that have been linked with consumption of dietary macronutrients (carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, pro tein, and amino acids) and physical activity.
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From page 73... ...
MACRONUTRIENTS, HEALTHFUL DIETS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 73 evidence for increased risk for obesity and its complications (including CHD) at high intakes of fat.
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From page 74... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 74 tein. All of the AMDRs were set, in part, to complement the AMDRs for fat and carbohydrate.
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From page 75... ...
MACRONUTRIENTS, HEALTHFUL DIETS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 75 ADDITIONAL MACRONUTRIENT RECOMMENDATIONS Saturated Fatty Acids, Trans Fatty Acids, and Cholesterol BASIS FOR RECOMMENDATIONS There are no known risks of chronic disease associated with consuming diets very low in saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, or cholesterol. Since certain micronutrients are found mainly in animal foods (which are typically high in saturated fats and cholesterol)
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From page 76... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 76 TABLE 2 Relationship of Macronutrients and Physical Activity to Chronic Disease Energy Fat Protein Cancer • Animal studies • High fat intakes have • No clear role for total suggest that been implicated in protein has yet energy restriction development of certain emerged. may inhibit cell cancers, although proliferation and evidence is mixed.
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From page 77... ...
MACRONUTRIENTS, HEALTHFUL DIETS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 77 Carbohydrate Fiber Physical Activity • Several case-control • High fiber diets may • Regular exercise has been studies have shown protect against colorectal negatively correlated with risk of increased risk of cancer, though the colon cancer. colorectal cancer in evidence is conflicting.
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From page 78... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 78 TABLE 2 Continued Energy Fat Protein Dental Caries Type II • Excess energy • Some studies show a Diabetes contributes to obesity, correlation between high Mellitus which may increase fat intakes and insulin risk of Type II diabetes. resistance, but it is not • Obesity, particularly clear whether the abdominal obesity, is association is due to fat a risk factor for Type or to obesity.
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From page 79... ...
MACRONUTRIENTS, HEALTHFUL DIETS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 79 Carbohydrate Fiber Physical Activity • Sugars play a role in development of dental caries (as do fluoride, oral hygiene and frequency of food intake)
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From page 80... ...
DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 80 RELATIONSHIP TO CHRONIC DISEASE During the past 40 years, a growing body of evidence has accumulated regard ing the risk of chronic disease and consumption of energy and the macronutri ents, specifically dietary fats, carbohydrate, protein, and fiber. Because most diets are composed of a variety of foods that provide varying amounts of macro nutrients, research to determine causal relationships is somewhat limited.
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From page 81... ...
MACRONUTRIENTS, HEALTHFUL DIETS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 81 KEY POINTS FOR MACRONUTRIENTS, HEALTHFUL DIETS, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins can substitute for one 3 another to some extent to meet the body's energy needs. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs)
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