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Pages 82-93

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From page 82...
... TABLE 1 Equations to Estimate Energy Requirement Infants and Young Children Estimated Energy Requirement (kcal/day) = Total Energy Expenditure + Energy Deposition EERa = (89 ¥ weight [kg]
From page 83...
... PART II: ENERGY 83 ENERGY E nergy is required to sustain the body's various functions, including res piration, circulation, physical work, metabolism, and protein synthesis. This energy is supplied by carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol in the diet.
From page 84...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 84 TABLE 2 Physical Activity Coefficients (PA Values) for Use in EER Equations Sedentary Low Active Active Very Active (PALa 1.0–1.39)
From page 85...
... PART II: ENERGY 85 Background Information Energy in foods is released in the body through the oxidation of various organic substances, primarily carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids, yielding the chemical energy required to sustain metabolism, nerve transmission, respiration, circulation, physical work, and other bodily functions. The heat produced during oxidation is used to maintain body temperature.
From page 86...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 86 bly obvious and individualized indicator of inadequate or excessive intake is not usually evident for other nutrients. BODY MASS INDEX Body mass index, or BMI, is defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
From page 87...
... PART II: ENERGY 87 TEF are primarily determined by the amount and composition of the foods consumed, mainly due to the metabolic costs of handling and storing ingested nutrients. The increments in energy expenditure during digestion above baseline rates, divided by the energy content of the food consumed, vary from 5 to 10 percent for carbohydrate, 0 to 5 percent for fat, and 20 to 30 percent for protein.
From page 88...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 88 DETERMINING DRIS Estimated Energy Requirement The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) is defined as the average dietary en ergy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy adult of a defined age, gender, weight, height, and a level of physical activity that is con sistent with good health.
From page 89...
... PART II: ENERGY 89 composition markedly affects energy expenditure at rest or the energy costs of physical activity in adults with BMIs of 18.5–25 kg/m2. In adults with higher percentages of body fat, mechanical hindrances can increase the energy expenditure associated with certain activities.
From page 90...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 90 Older age: All three major components of energy expenditure (RMR, TEF and, energy expenditure of physical activity [EEPA]
From page 91...
... PART II: ENERGY 91 vival but results in some consequences on health or physiological function. The most common example of accommodation is a decrease in growth velocity in children.
From page 92...
... DRIs: THE ESSENTIAL GUIDE TO NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS 92 Reducing energy intake will produce the opposite effect. For most indi viduals, it is likely that the main mechanism for maintaining body weight is controlling food intake rather than adjusting physical activity.
From page 93...
... PART II: ENERGY 93 A person's body weight is a readily monitored indicator of the 3 adequacy or inadequacy of habitual energy intake. Numerous factors affect energy expenditure and requirements, 3 including age, body composition, gender, and ethnicity.

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