Guidelines for the Humane Transportation of Research Animals (2006) / Chapter Skim
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4 Biosecurity
4 Biosecurity
Pages 65-80
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From page 65... ...
. Biosecurity should be a consideration when transporting research animals because of the close contact that can occur between research animals and human handlers or other transported animals.
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From page 66... ...
When infected animals must be transported, a plan for secure transportation must be in place. That plan would normally require: · close communication between shipper and recipient; · presence of responsible officials at the originating and receiving institutions; · transfer of health records and assurances; · identification of a carrier registered by the US Department of Agriculture; · documentation of safety and security training of animal care personnel; · notification of the appropriate institutional or CDC officials in case of emergency, loss, or theft; · existence of emergency procedures (see Table 4-2)
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From page 67... ...
BIOSECURITY 67 TABLE 4-1 Agents and Toxins That Require Registration of the Facility with CDC Bacteria Viruses (continued) Bacillus anthracis Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1 (Herpes B Botulinum neurotoxin producing species of virus)
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From page 68... ...
TABLE 4-3 Characteristics of a Good Shippera A good shipper of research animals: · finalizes the method of shipment, route, and special care required for a shipment before accepting it; · obtains all required federal, state, and regulatory-agency permits and documents; · ensures that the carrier is US Department of Agriculture (USDA) -certified for live-animal shipments or meets International Air Transport Association (IATA)
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From page 69... ...
TABLE 4-4 Examples of Zoonotic Diseases Transmissible from Research Animals to Humans Disease Potential Animal Vectors Potential Route of Transmission Bacterial Anthrax Contaminated herbivores Cutaneous, inhalation Brucellosis Cattle, goats, swine, dogs Inhalation, ingestion, direct contact Leptospirosis Cattle, dogs, horses, swine, Inhalation of contaminated rodents, reptiles, amphibians fluids, direct contact Salmonellosis Birds, swine, reptiles, turtles, Direct contact, fecal-oral tortoises Tuberculosis Domestic and wild animals Droplets Q fever Cattle, sheep, goats Inhalation, direct contact with infected animals, their birth products, or infected materials such as bedding Viral Influenza Birds, horses, swine Aerosol, physical contact Hantaviruses Rodents Aerosol, direct contact with mucous membranes, animal bites Ebola Unknown Direct contact with infected materials, possibly droplets Monkey B virus Old World monkeys Animal bites, direct contact with mucus membranes Monkeypox Ground squirrels, gambian rats Droplets Rabies Dogs, cats, wild carnivores, Animal bite, possibly airborne bats, foxes, raccoons Fungal Ringworm Bovine, birds Direct contact
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From page 70... ...
. Since companion animals are often transported in unfiltered containers and are transported along with research animals (particularly during air transport)
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From page 71... ...
transmission. Each of these routes poses a risk during shipping; however, there are methods to prevent the transmission of diseases among research animals, including barrier containment, specific-pathogen diagnosis, disinfection of vehicles and shipping containers, use of personal protective equipment (PPE)
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From page 72... ...
X Lymphocytic choriomeningitis vVirus X X Polyoma X MCMV (Murine cytomegalovirus) X Ectromelia X MPV (OPV)
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BIOSECURITY 73 Guinea Pigs Gerbils Rabbits Hamsters Nonhuman Primates X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X continued
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74 GUIDELINES FOR THE HUMANE TRANSPORTATION OF RESEARCH ANIMALS TABLE 4-5 Continued Mice Rats Bacteria Streptococcus zooepidemicus Pasteurella multocida Pasteurella spp. Treponema cuniculi Bordetella bronchiseptica X X Citrobacter rodentium X Corynebacterium kutscheri X X Clostridium piliforme X X Salmonella spp.
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From page 75... ...
BIOSECURITY 75 Guinea Pigs Gerbils Rabbits Hamsters Nonhuman Primates X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
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From page 76... ...
Recommendations for shipment of animals between research institutions can be found in Table 4-6. Barrier Containment Most small-animal vendors have designed shipping containers that incorporate spun polypropylene filters to provide a physical barrier to the transfer of microbial contaminants into or out of each container, thus protecting research animals, colonies, and animal handlers from pathogen exposure during transportation.
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From page 77... ...
Disinfection prevents transmission of pathogens from one shipment of animals to the next shipment transported in the same vehicle. Bedding, food, and water may be sterilized by autoclaving or gamma irradiation before and after shipment to prevent contamination of research animals and the receiving colony.
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From page 78... ...
Since such infections occur during transportation, diagnostic testing by the source provider does not ensure the biosecurity of either the animals or the receiving colony. Personal Protective Equipment The appropriate use of PPE can also protect research animals from human pathogens and cross contamination from other animals.
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From page 79... ...
animals known to be for laboratory use must not be stored adjacent to other animals in order to reduce any risk of cross-infection or contamination; 3. nonhuman primates from different continents must be isolated from each other in aircraft holds, airport cargo warehouses, animal holding facilities, and during all phases of ground transportation; and 4.
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