Fluoride in Drinking Water A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C Ecologic and Partially Ecologic Studies in Epidemiology
Appendix C Ecologic and Partially Ecologic Studies in Epidemiology
Pages 439-441
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appendix C Ecologic and Partially Ecologic Studies in Epidemiology Individual-level studies collect information on outcome, exposure, and covariates (potential confounders and effect modifiers) for each individual.
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From page 440... ...
440 APPENDIX C ing bias in ecologic studies is quite difficult in practice. Nevertheless, certain design features tend to reduce ecologic bias, including the following: 1.
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From page 441... ...
APPENDIX C 441 ecologic exposure variable is the fraction exposed in the group (aggregated from dichotomous exposures at the individual level)
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