State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions (2006) / Chapter Skim
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7 Other Case Studies
7 Other Case Studies
Pages 225-263
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7 Other Case Studies Light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have had the longest emissionsregulation history of any mobile sources and have raised many of the key policy and technical issues related to mobile-source emissions control.
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226 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions road emissions nationwide. The most recent California emissions standards regulate evaporative emissions on such engines for the first time and are expected to require catalyst after-treatment on more types of engines than in previous regulations.
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Other Case Studies 227 FIGURE 7-1 EPA model-year 1998-2006 exhaust (HC + NOx) emissions standards curves for recreational marine outboard and personal watercraft engines.
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228 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions pact analysis (RIA) accompanying the regulations included technical feasibility, economic impacts, and environmental impact analyses (EPA 1996a)
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Other Case Studies 229 without identifying which technologies were used for which engine family (EPA 1996a)
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230 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions FIGURE 7-2 HC and NOx Tier 1 will begin in 2001 (EPA's 2006 model year standard) ; Tier 2, which is 80% of Tier 1, will begin in 2004; and Tier 3, which is 35% of Tier 1, will begin in 2008 Note that the emissions standards at the smallest levels, approximately less than 5 horsepower, reach an upper maximum and do not correspond to the equation given in the text.
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Other Case Studies 231 proposed Tier 3 standards. Engine manufacturers had expressed concern about 4-stroke engines, including their larger size, heavier weight, and increased cost.
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232 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions turers within the state because most manufacturers are large and located outside California. Annual costs of the proposed regulations were estimated to be around $33 million in 2001, $20 million in 2004, and $21 million in 2008.
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Other Case Studies 233 sions 59% lower than the federal program for the average horsepower engine for 2001 and 49% lower for 2004. The total estimated cost of implementation for New York was determined from the incremental cost estimates generated by CARB and the PWC fleet estimated for the year 2004.
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234 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions Model-Year 2004 Rule EPA adopted rules in 1997 (62 Fed.
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Other Case Studies 235 be required in addition to the FTP and applied up to model-year 2004 engines when the consent decree expired. CARB later adopted a rule requiring the additional ESC and NTE test procedures to apply to modelyears 2005 and 2006 engines as well.
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236 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions limits are illegal and technically infeasible. Manufacturers argued that imposing NTE limits is effectively imposing an emissions standard rather than a certification test.
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Other Case Studies 237 technology costs were used to compute the cost-effectiveness and costbenefit analysis that is presented in the RIA. Health and Welfare Effects The RIA for the 2007 HDV engine standards described the health and welfare effects of reducing ozone concentrations and emissions of its precursors.
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238 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions FIGURE 7-3 Projected nationwide NOx emissions with and without the 2007 HDV engines and fuel sulfur standards. Source: EPA 2000c.
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Other Case Studies 239 be more effective with low-sulfur fuel, this strategy alone was not thought to be sufficient to meet the 2007 HDV engine standards. Catalyzed diesel particulate filters (CDPFs)
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240 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions TABLE 7-1 NOx After-Treatment Devices for HDV Diesel Engines 1. Lean NOx catalysts.
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Other Case Studies 241 lb GVW) , heavy HDVs (33,001+ lb GVW)
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242 HDV ineluavt costs) weight)
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Other Case Studies 243 Biennial Reviews and Status of 2007 Rule Implementation In the preamble to the 2007 HDV engine rule, EPA committed itself to biennial assessments of heavy-duty NOx adsorber technology (66 Fed.
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244 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions yond. Nevertheless, several states, using their authority under CAA section 177, adopted California's standards for those engines.
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Other Case Studies 245 leum Industry (API) , and Mack Trucks/Volvo Powertrain all filed petitions asking EPA to reconsider the 2007 standards; all petitions were rejected by EPA (2001a,b,c)
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246 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions Federal Standards The CAA amendments of 1990 designated for the first time that EPA set emissions standards for nonroad mobile sources. As discussed in Chapter 3, CAA section 209(e)
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Other Case Studies 247 engine-out emissions and to increase durability, although after-treatment (catalysts) was expected for some handheld equipment.
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248 + nes 0072 50 50 72 16.1 All engi 12.1 27d an and b b b 0062 .1 .1 .1 50 50 96 16 16 16 12.1 IVdna ndheldaH III in b b b 0052 9 .1 .1 .1 50 50 11 16 16 16 12.1 asseslCrof Engines -h SI b b b rh 0042 3 3 .1 .1 .1 11 99 14 16 16 16 13.6 Wkg/05 onssisimE Small for g/kW-,x ofn-i 5 8 1 b b b NO rceuo + 0032 .1 .1 17 14 Ph 16 16 .161 .0 15 phase -Sel %0 obi Standardssn HC 1 1 1 1 10d Mrofs Year, 0022 8 6 .6 23 19 Ph Ph Ph Ph 16 an issiomE %,57 .3002 rdad %,05 1,g anStla Exhaust II ntemeca a )
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Other Case Studies 249 TABLE 7-4 Existing CARB Small-Engine Exhaust Emissions Standards, Adopted in 2004 (also referred to as Tier 3) Engine HC + NOx, g/kW-h CO, g/kW-h Displacement 2005 2006 2007 2008+ 2005+ <50 cc 50 50 50 50 536 50-80 cc 72 72 72 72 536a 80-225 cc 16.1 16.1 10.0 10.0 549 >225 cc 12.1 12.1 12.1 8.0 549 aSlightly lower CO standard for vertical shaft engines in this category for modelyear 2005.
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250 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions Service Distributors Retail Dealer Central or Dealers Distributors Retail OEM and Engine Distributors Rental Commercial Manufacturers Centers Customers Retail Chains Mass OEMs Merchandisers Specialty Retailers Catalogers FIGURE 7-4 Flow chart of small SI engine distribution process. Source: Guerry 2004.
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Other Case Studies 251 businesses4 and does not include an assessment of distribution and inventory costs associated with compliance with a separate standard, either in California or elsewhere. The committee did not come across any quantitative analysis, regulatory or otherwise, of the impacts of a second California standard on distribution of small-engine equipment.
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252 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions behind mower could increase in price by 20% as a result of the standards (Hanz and Hotz 2005)
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Other Case Studies 253 example, fumes igniting from a small spark from carbon or from smoldering debris. CARB's initially proposed evaporative regulations requiring pressurized fuel tanks also raised concerns as a potential explosive hazard.
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254 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions (@ Mode 1) No Cata- With Cata- Catalyst with Shield 120 )
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Other Case Studies 255 letters to members of Congress and EPA voicing their concern that CARB had moved forward with catalyst-forcing standards while ignoring safety concerns (Congressional Record S14469, Nov.
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256 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions These programs include the following: · Federal Programs -- U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
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Other Case Studies 257 Two of the largest incentive-based programs are the California Carl Moyer Program and the Texas Emission Reduction Program. Carl Moyer Program The State of California implements a voluntary incentive-based program called the Carl Moyer Program, which provides grant funds for the incremental cost of reducing emissions of NOx from federally preempted sources.
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258 sse en tivceff d-2003) im Statewide -Et )
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259 3 7 352, 055, .NO VIR EN,50 20 ghtir py co on; 7 8 761, 3 16 793, ssiimr peht spmup oni gatirri c) ri widetnirpeR.5002.alte ect ralut culri (elstfilk anhC la urce: Ag For Tot So
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260 State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions to reduce emissions of NOx from federally preempted sources in the nonattainment and near-nonattainment areas of Texas through voluntary incentive programs. TERP was initially funded at a level of approximately $20 million per year, and that funding has been increased to a level of approximately $130 million per fiscal year in 2004 and 2005.
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Other Case Studies 261 TABLE 7-7 Summary of TERP-Funded and -Recommended Projects to Date in the HGB and DFW Areas (as of November 2, 2004) HGB DFW HGB and DFW NOx Emission Reduction (tons per day)
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262 essn yb ffective Areas ) ntor pe Cost-E ($ 0015, 0036, 0026, 0075, 0095, DFW and )
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Other Case Studies 263 35.0 32.900 (tpd) s 30.0 25.0 Reduction 20.0 15.0 issions mE 10.0 4.732 5.509 x NO 5.0 0.158 0.619 0.0 FY 02 FY 03 FY Total to 2007 SIP 04 Date Goal FIGURE 7-6 TERP NOx emission reductions to date versus the 2007 SIP TERP goal in the HGB area.
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