The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Summary and Assessment
Summary and Assessment
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are but a few examples of the profound effects of globalizing forces on the emergence, distribution, and spread of infectious diseases. No nation is immune to the growing global threat that can be posed by an isolated outbreak of infectious disease in a seemingly remote part of the world.
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Workshop participants discussed the impacts of increasingly integrated trade, economic development, human movement, and cultural exchange on patterns of disease emergence and reemergence; identified opportunities for countering those impacts; examined the scientific evidence supporting current and potential global strategies; and considered new response methods and tools available for use by private industry, public health agencies, regulatory agencies, policy makers, and academic researchers. Participants included experts from the international community, industry, academia, the public health community, and government; invited international participants included key representatives from the Americas, the European Union, and Russia.
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The future of globalization is still in the making. Despite the successful attempts of the developed world during the course of the last century to control many infectious diseases and even to eradicate some deadly afflic
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. Although the burden is greatest for the developing world, infectious diseases are a growing threat to all nations.
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Cryptosporidiosis Multidrug-resistant Salmonella E coliO157 West BSE E
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Yellow fever FIGURE S-2b Unexpected outbreaks: Examples of emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, 1994–1999.
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Chapter 3 describes a variety of new opportunities for enhancing infectious disease control, such as global surveillance capabilities and the changing nature of transnational public health training programs. Chapter 4 summarizes some key components of the new global public health framework: the role of public–private partnerships, the role of international law, and the importance of a social science perspective for understanding and studying emerging infectious diseases.
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In many developed countries, the emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases, such as multidrug-resistant TB, are frequently linked to the massive influx of immigrants from poor countries with a higher prevalence of such diseases. The situation is expected to worsen in the future as the world population grows, demographic and economic gaps between the developed and developing worlds deepen, and greater numbers of people either are forcibly displaced or leave their homes by choice in search of a better life.
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It also refers to the changing nature of the world's global political economy, the development of a truly global marketplace, and the power relationships embedded within this new economy. In fact, given that the spread of capitalism and the free market is the main driving force behind globalization, the health sciences community might benefit from examining the ways in which this movement of capital affects emerging infectious diseases.
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Greater numbers of people will leave their homes in search of work and an improved quality of life, and greater numbers of people will be forcibly displaced. As the world population continues to grow, as urban areas in the developing world continue to expand and further strain their already resource-limited governments, and as the global marketplace continues to hone the already sharp demarcation in wealth -- and health -- that exists between rich and poor countries, the ensuing social unrest and loss of state control will likely fuel even more communal conflict, forced migration, and terrorism.
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. As with the monitoring of mobile populations, unless the capacity to monitor the global transport of foodborne and trade-related vectorborne infectious diseases is improved, such diseases will continue to pose serious public health risks.
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public health capacity to address multiple emerging infectious disease threats, both domestically and worldwide. This unprecedented level of funding offers a rare chance to make a difference in the surveillance and prevention of infectious diseases, although workshop participants expressed several concerns regarding the use and the sustainability of this funding.
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After all, there is much to be learned in and from the developing world. Peru has a long and rich history of experience with infectious diseases.
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North-south training partnerships are but one example of the type of multinational collaboration that the increasing interconnectedness of the world not only allows but demands. Workshop participants also cited the vital source of expertise and knowledge of infectious diseases represented by scientists from the former Soviet Union and the potential role Russia could play in transnational public health education and training.
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Many countries fail to report local outbreaks in an effort to avoid potentially huge negative economic and political repercussions, such as trade sanctions and travel advisories. For several reasons, international reactions to public reports of infectious disease outbreaks typically far exceed what is warranted by the actual situation and public health risks.
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are but two examples of how the Internet and other advances in information technology are being exploited in the fight against infectious diseases. FRAMEWORK FOR PROGRESS Recent large increases in spending on international health -- for example, through the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria and President Bush's recently proposed Millennium Challenge Account -- reflect growing awareness and appreciation of the importance of global health.
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has attempted to define its mission in a more global context by taking a global approach to infectious diseases. CDC's strategy focuses on strengthening global capacity in six priority areas: international outbreak assistance, disease surveillance, applied research on diseases of global importance, application of proven public health tools, initiatives for disease control, and public health training for capacity building.
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The changing nature of the sovereignty and territorial basis of governments has tremendous implications for public health legislation and the role of international law in the prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases. International health regulations are being revised accordingly, but this may not be enough.
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Emerging Infectious Diseases 6(2)
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