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Appendix C Changing Vector Ecologies: Political Geographic Perspectives
Pages 197-205

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From page 197...
... It is only through understanding social, environmental, and biological interactions that one can gain an understanding of static patterns or temporal changes in disease distribution. The Institute of Medicine's 1992 report on emerging infectious diseases (IOM, 1992)
From page 198...
... In the various descriptions and analyses of the effects of globalization that are found in the health sciences, interdependency, as manifested by increasing international transportation, is seen as the most salient feature that can affect the redistribution and movement of infectious disease. There is a fundamental tension that pervades both the popular and scholarly literature on globalization: globalization as a factor that promotes well-being and economic opportunity versus globalization as an alienating social force that marginalizes those at the periphery of societies.
From page 199...
... This dimension has direct implications for local vector ecologies in the sense that a dam, for example, that is financed from outside the country, and perhaps even planned by a coalition of local and international environmental planners, may then alter the local breeding habitats of potential disease vectors, thereby changing the potential exposure to vectorborne or waterborne diseases. Yet another dimension of globalization is changes in the locus of power in global decision making.
From page 200...
... Vectors may be unintentionally transported on either the transportation vehicle or the commodities that are being moved. An example of the former is the probable movement of anophelines from tropical to temperate areas and the occurrence of many instances of "airport malaria" surrounding major international airports, such as Detroit Metropolitan Airport, JFK Airport, Newark International, Amsterdam's Schiphol, London's Heathrow, and many others.
From page 201...
... This massive project on the Yangtze River, designed explicitly for powering Chinese industrial growth and furthering China's position in the global economy, will almost certainly introduce schistosomiasis
From page 202...
... . The ecological conditions will be conducive to schistosomiasis transmission, and there will be a great deal of human contact with the upstream lake -- another case of the desire to be a more active participant in the world economy, and of the movement of global capital altering regional ecological conditions and affecting the transmission of emerging infections.
From page 203...
... Multivariate mathematical and statistical models of transmission dynamics suggest that when variables in addition to temperature are included, the global incidence of malaria could actually decrease with global warming. This is due, in part, to the fact that rainfall would probably also increase, and local anopheline breeding areas would then be washed out.
From page 204...
... , and empirical studies are contradictory because the actual spatial patterns of disease that have occurred with climate change have been geographically variable, even under similar climatic conditions. This is probably because of the extreme sensitivity of local vector ecologies to local physical conditions and to human social and behavioral patterns.
From page 205...
... 1999. Impact of environmental change and schistosomiasis in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River following the Three Gorges construction project.


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