Terrorism and the Chemical Infrastructure Protecting People and Reducing Vulnerabilities (2006) / Chapter Skim
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5. Managing Risk
5. Managing Risk
Pages 67-97
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From page 67... ...
These concepts are useful to develop strategies for managing the vulnerabilities presented by the chemical infrastructure in a cost-effective manner. They point to management of emergency planning and response, and communication and social response, as important factors in reducing the likelihood that the consequences of an event will reach catastrophic proportions.
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From page 68... ...
However, the physical impacts can be reduced by (g) improvised emergency response, and the social impacts can be reduced by (h)
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From page 69... ...
· The DIM lacks analytic methods for assessing remote downstream supply chain impacts of the destruction of a single facility or small group of facilities. Nonetheless, some useful general conclusions can be drawn from the DIM.
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2000. Emergency Response Guidebook.
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From page 71... ...
New York: Rutledge. 7To address some of the issues of a vulnerable population such as community preparedness, risk perception, and the community's overall response to terrorism, the Department of Homeland Security has sponsored the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START)
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From page 72... ...
Incident management consists of the activities by which the human and physical resources used to respond to the emergency are mobilized and directed to accomplish the goals of the emergency response organization. As discussed further below, emergency response personnel increasingly use emergency preparedness practices such as planning, training, equipping, and exercising to guide their emergency response.
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From page 73... ...
Pre-impact Hazard Management Actions Communities are best able to protect themselves from low-probability, high-consequence incidents by engaging in three pre-impact hazard management interventions -- hazard mitigation, emergency preparedness, and recovery preparedness -- to reduce the physical and social impacts of hazardous incidents. Hazard mitigation practices provide passive protection to persons and property at the time an incident occurs, whereas emergency preparedness practices develop the resources needed to support an active emergency response.
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Emergency preparedness practices develop the resources needed to support an active emergency response. These involve the development of emergency response plans, procedures, and training programs, the acquisition of facilities, equipment, and materials likely to be needed to support an emergency response; and the performance of drills and exercises to test the emergency response organization.12 To support the emergency assessment function, facilities, carriers, and local jurisdictions must develop the capability to promptly and accurately detect a chemical threat and to project its potential impact area to identify areas that require population protection actions.
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2003. Assessing community impacts of natural disasters.
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2004. Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities.
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. The development and implementation of effective pre-impact hazard management actions can significantly reduce reliance on improvised emergency response and improvised disaster recovery actions.
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2000. Emergency Response Guidebook.
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hazardous waste incinerator. Journal of Hazardous Materials 40:297-319.
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Emergency Preparedness Storage and Transportation Scenarios. Research could improve emergency preparedness in four areas: planning processes; emergency response; training and equipment; and drills, exercises, and incident critiques.
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1992. Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning.
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Journal of Hazardous Materials 22:57-74. 39Lindell, M.K., and R.W.
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. Taipei: International Workshop on Emergency Response and Rescue.
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Journal of Hazardous Materials A109:1-11; (c) Mileti, D.M., J.H.
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compliance/ spontaneous evacuation Percentage of transients' PAR compliance/ Behavioral research spontaneous evacuation Departure timing Percentage of early evacuating residential Behavioral research households Percentage of early evacuating transient households Behavioral research Residential households' departure time distribution Behavioral research Transients' departure time distribution Behavioral research Destination/route choice Evacuation ultimate destination Behavioral research Evacuees' proximate destination/route choice Behavioral research Evacuees' utilization of the primary evacuation Behavioral research route system search on the reception and care of victims; Mileti, Sorensen and O'Brien's (1992) review of the research on this topic was used as the basis for planning hurricane emergency response in Texas, but primarily because hazards researchers drafted the planning documents for the emergency management agency.
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2000. Emergency response training: Strategies for enhancing real-world performance.
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Federal development and dissemination of the National Incident Management System51 makes it essential to examine the ways in which training research can be adapted to the needs of chemical emergency response. Drills, Exercises, and Incident Critiques.
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Need to Refine the DIM for Chemical Incident Management There is a need to resolve the apparent conflict between the results of previous disaster research, which support an all-hazards approach, and the increased focus on specific hazards that has emerged in recent approaches to homeland security. Expedient hazard mitigation is arguably specific to a single hazard or group of hazards with similar effects, and emergency assessment arguably also has hazard-specific aspects.
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From page 89... ...
impacts of chemical incidents given one or more specific hazard mitigation, emergency response, or disaster recovery actions. For example, analysts should be able to specify the characteristics of a storage and transportation scenario (e.g., quantity of toxic chemical, meteorological conditions, population distribution)
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From page 90... ...
In addition, it should be able to determine how much improvement in hazard mitigation, emergency preparedness, and disaster recovery actions can be expected from a given level of S&T investment. RISK PERCEPTION Traditional risk assessment focuses on losses that are often measured in monetary units.
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From page 91... ...
, gender, race or ethnicity, income, and education, among other variables. IMPACT OF INTERDEPENDENCIES OF THE CHEMICAL SUPPLY CHAIN ON RISK-REDUCING MEASURES Weak links in the safety and security of the chemical infrastructure and supply chain networks can compromise the entire system.
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From page 92... ...
That is, weak links may lead to suboptimal behavior by everyone. By coordinating the actions of all units in the supply chain, each firm will be better off because its expected profits will increase and society will be better off because the risks of disruption will be lower.60 Tipping and Cascading Behavior There may be ways of inducing tipping and cascading so that the welfare of every component in the supply chain is improved.
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In the case of the chemical supply chain some units may have a much higher risk than others of causing a failure in the entire system through an accident or other disruption of its activities. These units are referred to as weak links in the supply chain.
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Process Safety Management Standard and the EPA Risk Management Program. The OSHA program, enacted in 1992, required facilities containing large quantities of highly hazardous chemicals to implement accident prevention and
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industry -- A preliminary analysis of accident risk data from US hazardous chemical facilities. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Loss Prevention and Safety Promotion in the Process Industries.
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, the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB)
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From page 97... ...
Economic studies to explore the interdependencies of the supply chain, determine how these impact decision making on security measures, and determine the least secure links in the chain is appropriate. DHS's National Assets Database and its ongoing Risk Analysis for Critical Assets Protection (RAMCAP)
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