C4ISR for Future Naval Strike Groups (2006) / Chapter Skim
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7 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaisance
7 Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaisance
Pages 175-218
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From page 175... ...
, the function includes the tasking of sensors and the integration, interpretation, and exploitation of sensed information. The objectives of this chapter are to review the current and planned ISR capabilities of naval strike groups (Section 7.2)
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From page 176... ...
The new Multimission Maritime Aircraft, Broad Area Maritime Surveillance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) , and Aerial Common Sensor, together with upgrades to the Global Hawk and Predator UAVs and E-2C aircraft, will provide information to enhance sig
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From page 177... ...
Table 7.1 summarizes key current and planned airborne ISR platforms, compares some of their important kinematic capabilities, lists the primary sensors that they carry, and identifies the principal missions that they support. Section D.1 in Appendix D presents a more detailed discussion of the status and capabilities of these platforms.
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From page 178... ...
178 Supported Strike Missions ASuW, ASuW Principal TAMD ASW, Strike Strike Strike Strike ASW, Strike IR, EO, IMINT Sensors MAD, surface GMTI, GMTI, and IR, ISR IMINT, sonar ISAR, EO, ATARS SAR, SHARP, SAR, sonobuoys, MAD GMTI Primary Carried Radar SAR, radar, sonobuoys SIGINT, MASINT Radar, Radar, FLIR, Radar, EO Radar, dipping FLIR, SAR, ft) Platforms ISR Ceiling (thousand 37 41 >35 >50 >50 35 19 42 kt c 510 b c Ma Ma kt Airborne kt kt kt N N kt to Speed 260 325 490 >400 >1.7 >1.8 Supersonic 180 390 Planned a nmi e,*
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From page 179... ...
179 Fire continued Defense BMD Support Naval Missile Strike Fire Maneuver, Cruise ASW, Naval Maneuver, TAMD Strike, Strike Strike, Strike ASuW, Strike Strike, Strike, Support EO, IR, radar, IR, EO, ISAR, EO, SAR AMTI SAR SAR, GMTI, IR, IR IR Radar IMINT, SIGINT, SIGINT GMTI, SAR, SIGINT Radar, IR EO, EO, EO, >29 >70 30 TBD 65 TBD 25 20 20 b kt kt c kt kt b kt kt kt kt 310 >410 >435 TBD 340 TBD 70 117 125 185 at nmi at nmi at nmi hr*
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From page 180... ...
180 System; tactical anomaly defenses; Supported Surveillance air Naval VTOL forward-looking , Joint magnetic onnaissance enemy Missions Maneuver, Strike Rec ;FLIR, of MAD, VTUAV Support Air STARS,J Principal Strike, Fire SEAD, System; vehicle; radar; suppression Tactical electro-optical aerial radar EO, aperture SEAD, Sensors IR, Advanced Multipurpose radar; unmanned ISR EO, synthetic IR intelligence; ATARS, Airborne aperture UAV, Primary Carried EO, ELINT, inverse Light warfare; electronic ft) ISAR, synthetic determined; LAMPS, SAR, be ELINT, to Ceiling (thousand >16 TBD infrared; knot; refueling.
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From page 181... ...
For a discussion of mine warfare systems, see the 2001 Naval Studies Board report Naval Mine Warfare.1 The ASW mission today involves ship, submarine, and airborne sensors, together with arrays of sonar sensors deployed on the ocean floor. Surface combatant ships and attack submarines carry hull-mounted sonars and towed arrays.
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From page 182... ...
) to direct that the Services cooperate in developing the Distributed Common Ground Station, discussed below.
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From page 183... ...
. NOTE: NTM, National Technical Means; SIGINT, signals intelligence; UAV, unmanned aerial vehicle; CV/CVN, aircraft carrier, nuclear-powered aircraft carrier; GIG, Global Information Grid; AMPHIB, amphibious class of ships; LCAC, landing craft, air-cushioned; Tier I, Ashore/Numbered Fleet; Tier II, Fleet (expeditionary strike group/carrier strike group)
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From page 184... ...
184 m; the scene to Syste Wilson, e common Imagery Lorrain presentation CSI, 1 WLI Portal WebLogic IWS Zircon J2EE WebLogic JEDI DMZ Geospatial SOURCE: Services Services Server Services Service Oracle Service Metadata Workflow BEA Security Services COTS/GOTS Combination Collaborative Applications Management BEA Systems/Network BEA GIS, intelligence; Perspective," source. 1 Store Format; - Temporary Development 2 Development "DCGS-N Navy Fault- Fault Unique Sensor Services Detection Isolation Services Integration 1 Applications -INT 10.2 X Store intelligence AF XTCF/DAL Development communications Legacy 2 -N -N 2 -N Fires Mission Applications Services Monitoring Services 1 Store Transmission Leverage Leverage DCGS TES JSIPS GCCS SIGINT factored- arbitrary 04 Acquisition, Legacy Re Jul - COMINT, ACS AFE ATR ATC 1 - 2 -- 3 and Services Services Track Store Imagery Level X-INT, Level 1 SIGINT Viewers UAV P2P MIDB Store System; Services Services 0 v1 Update Integration - National 1 database; Store Store 3 1 Development, Control MTI Message Program NITF, Text Viewer Targeting Services Services Integration: N- Peer Data Exploitation of to and 1 Video Store Peer Legacy INT- Levels DCGS -- - 2 NOTE: Research, 0 1 2 to Precision Services Multi Services Geolocation Visualization 1 for Key Level Level GIS multi-intelligence MTI Viewers Store Command 3 3 DCGS-N.
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From page 185... ...
TABLE 7.3 Key Sea Strike ISR Shortfalls in Major Combat Operations Mission Required Capabilities Key ISR Shortfalls Strike Hitting time-critical relocatable Persistent surveillance and timely data ground targets exploitation Special operations Embedded coverage and analysis Offensive information operations Assessment of network attacks Naval Fire Precision fires Persistent coverage with timely, Support and precise targeting Maneuver Extended-range fires Persistent coverage Hitting moving ground targets Persistent coverage and precision tracking, tightly integrated with weapons delivery xxx
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From page 186... ...
constraints. The ASW surveillance systems of today rely on passive acoustics and fiberoptic cable to send information back to operators for detection and classification.
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From page 187... ...
7.3.2 ISR Shortfalls in Theater Air and Missile Defense and Potential Solutions Theater Air and Missile Defense, excluding ballistic missiles for the moment, is highly developed in the Navy. Automated fire control and very tight timing with modern and emerging systems -- such as Aegis with SPY-1(D)
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From page 188... ...
, have not been fielded. It is hoped that the present Joint Theater Air and Missile Defense Organization (JTAMDO)
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From page 189... ...
Section 7.5 discusses several specific concepts for achieving the needed layering and persistence. A previous Naval Studies Board report, Network-Centric Naval Forces, addressed architectural trade-offs in a system to hit moving targets.4 Another realm among potential solutions is that of tasking and exploitation.
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From page 190... ...
This stovepiped process produces reports in differing formats that require further manual analysis and interpretation prior to use by a force commander.5 5A view that because of the generally different "qualities" of data being fused, it will be difficult to do away with human judgment in many if not most cases, is expressed in the following article: ADM W.J. Holland, USN (Ret.)
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From page 191... ...
The competing needs of high resolution, persistence, wide-area surveillance, and dwell time, to name a few, can easily drive the cost of a single system to an unaffordable design. As an example, consider the very challenging and limited use of airborne or space-based radars to measure target image information [I = I (f, t, P, X)
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From page 192... ...
192 C4ISR FOR FUTURE NAVAL STRIKE GROUPS · High-frequency microwaves to resolve target details better; today X band, and in the future expanding to Ku and Ka bands; · Multiple timescales (fast time = SAR image, slow time = state change) ; · Coherent change detection (state change in multidimensional [quantified attribute]
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From page 193... ...
architecture. NOTE: GMTI, ground moving target indicator; BDA, battle damage assessment; Intel, intelligence.
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From page 194... ...
Applying the Appropriate Sensing Phenomenology Above the sea surface, fundamental sensing and information needs for naval strike forces will require smart exploitation of the physical observables associated with the RF through the ultraviolet (UV) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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From page 195... ...
, good architectural design must make appropriate decisions regarding the design and tasking of sensors and platforms in order to maximize the quality 7See Naval Studies Board, National Research Council, 2000, Network-Centric Naval Forces: A Transition Strategy for Enhancing Operational Capabilities, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., Tables E.A.1 and E.A.2, pp.
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From page 196... ...
. TABLE 7.5 Examples of ISR Data with Different Dimensionality Dimensionality of Data In Situ Example Remote Example One-dimensional Trip wire, tank tread pressure sensor Radar or lidar altimeter Two-dimensional Horizontal velocity vector at a point Photographic image, SAR image Three-dimensional Horizontal and vertical velocity vector at Moving target indicator (MTI)
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From page 197... ...
INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE 197 12 10 E-mail Text Text Report scale) 8 Line Graphs Report (log Report with 6 JPEG Figures Second Sonar Data 4 Image Chip per Radar Data Bits Full Image 2 Hyperspectral Image 0 Type of Data FIGURE 7.6 Estimated data rates required for transmitting specific data types in a 10 second transmission.
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From page 198... ...
The committee calculates that three strike packages of four aircraft each, using AESA radars, can map terrain at a rate equal to the rate at which two and one half Global Hawk UAVs could accomplish the task. Operational Movement Intelligence The committee believes that the Navy should create, as a key component in Navy ISR architecture, movement intelligence, or MOVINT, as a new ISR source and method that could provide significant benefits in future engagements.
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From page 199... ...
The key enabler of MOVINT capability is the emergence of airborne and space-based radar for persistent ISR coverage and its unique combination of high-resolution SAR and high-range-resolution ground moving target indicator (HRR-GMTI) radar technology.
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From page 200... ...
This issue deserves serious trade-off studies for a variety of applications from carriers to Marine Corps platoons. Critical requirements for the delivery of ISR information to commanders are completeness, timeliness, accuracy, and robustness.
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Its Advanced ISR Management (AIM) program developed technology for coordinated collection planning for a heterogeneous mix of airborne and space-based ISR platforms.
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From page 202... ...
to significantly reduce the time line for time-critical strike. It features optimized tasking and realtime sensor pointing of airborne ISR platforms (to date the U-2 and Global Hawk)
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From page 203... ...
203 nce. engine the econnais-r as intellige Requests and Priorities act tailored views)
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From page 204... ...
NOTE: MTI, moving target indicator; DB, database; SIGINT, signals intelligence; ELINT, electronic intelligence; IR, infrared; SAR, synthetic aperture radar; COMINT, communications intelligence; IMINT, image intelligence; IFSAR, interferometric synthetic aperture radar. SOURCE: Courtesy of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
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From page 205... ...
A network of distributed autonomous underwater sensors has the advantages of large-area coverage, covert operation, and tolerance of individual node failures. Such a sensor network allows passive acoustic surveillance, distributed active surveillance, and multistatic operation with other collection assets to counter such threats as air-independent diesel submarines.
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From page 206... ...
The goal would be to process raw acoustic data to form a passive acoustic image using interferometric imaging techniques and then to store the image, discarding raw data as necessary. By interconnecting the nodes, the data for forming the acoustic image -- namely, the time-averaged mutual coherence function between pairs of sensors -- could be retained, while the raw data were not.
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From page 207... ...
ies Board report, Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations,9 discussed advantages of organic assets for ISR. The next subsections discuss opportunities for organic airborne surveillance with inland reach for carrier strike groups and expeditionary strike groups.
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From page 208... ...
The committee is not aware of any flight vehicles, even in a prototype stage, that can meet the endurance and inland-reach requirements that the committee believes are necessary. The Bell Eagle Eye tilt-rotor VTOL tactical unmanned aerial vehicle (VTUAV)
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From page 209... ...
Next-generation, ultra-HALE UAVs currently on the drawing boards promise to achieve 7 to 14 days' endurance, carrying payloads comparable to that of today's Global Hawk. Ultra-HALE UAVs require a very efficient power plant and weight-efficient fuel.
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From page 210... ...
Erhard, 2003, "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in the U.S. Armed Services," Ph.D.
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From page 211... ...
Figure 7.12 examines a scenario of maritime surveillance and tracking of ships in the Persian Gulf and compares SBR performance with that of manned surveillance assets (e.g., JSTARS) and unmanned airborne systems (e.g., Global Hawk)
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From page 212... ...
SOURCE: Courtesy of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. 7.6 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The ISR capabilities of naval strike groups are provided by a host of naval, joint, and national sensor systems in space-based, airborne, surface, and subsurface platforms, and by a number of ground- and ship-based systems for the tasking of sensors and exploitation of sensor data.
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From page 213... ...
or allied forces. The nation's adversaries have recognized the vulnerability of their fixed assets, and so today it is relocatable, hiding, and moving targets that challenge the nation's strike capabilities in major combat operations.
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From page 214... ...
E-8s) FIGURE 7.12 Maritime surveillance, tracking, and targeting: modeling of maritime surveillance for a space-based radar system and contrasting performance of Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle and Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS)
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Tactical commanders and their staffs have neither the numbers, the skills, nor the tools to recognize the relevance of these reports and interpret them. The DCGS-N will greatly enhance future naval strike operations.
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From page 216... ...
reside in DCGS-N with reach-back to other DCGS nodes. The committee recommends that the Navy and Marine Corps develop a closedloop tasking-exploitation-tasking ISR information system that learns from accumulating data over multiple observations, accruing and assessing evidence to determine if further tasking is needed.
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From page 217... ...
In the absence of the LMRS, the array could collect and store data, or sleep, waiting for the LMRS to return. 16The National Research Council, under the auspices of the Naval Studies Board, is currently conducting a study on Distributed Remote Sensing for Naval Undersea Warfare.
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