Toward an Integrated Arctic Observing Network (2006) / Chapter Skim
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5 Designing the Network
5 Designing the Network
Pages 71-87
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From page 71... ...
5 Designing the Network This chapter describes the infrastructure and approach The AON will provide the critical data necessary to needed to create an Arctic Observing Network (AON) , in- expand understanding of the ways the arctic system is cluding ideas on types, number, and distribution of network connected and functions.
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72 TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ARCTIC OBSERVING NETWORK value, sustaining these and other long-term measurements remains problematic and undervalued. Box 5.1 Network and observational systems require different The Human Dimension of the funding strategies than shorter-term research projects.
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From page 73... ...
models about their causes, and developing credible, evidence-based future scenarios and policies useful for supporting decision making under conditions of escalating environ- Measurement Approaches mental and social change." Observational approaches that can be used for the AON are categorized in the SEARCH implementation plan docu ments (SEARCH SSC and IWG, 2003; SEARCH, 2005) as NETWORK COMPONENTS intensive measurement programs at a few carefully chosen sites, broadly distributed or "extensive" measurements of Building Blocks more easily measured parameters, repeated surveys or A variety of tools and platforms is available for arctic sections giving detailed snapshots of spatial variability, and observations (Table 5.1)
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From page 74... ...
74 TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ARCTIC OBSERVING NETWORK TABLE 5.1 Comparison of Examples of Existing Arctic Observation Platforms Platform Cost Duration Range Coverage Advantages Disadvantages Satellites $$$$ Long-term Surface, Time series on spatial Comprehensive Limited to surface and atmosphere grid space-time coverage atmospheric information, continuity issues Airplanes $$$ Synoptic Surface, Surveys Mobility Cost and weather limited atmosphere Manned Drifting $$$ Synoptic Surface and Lagrangiana time series, Provides access for Cost, ice, and weather Stations (ice camps) subsurface process studies many disciplines limited Icebreakers $$$ Synoptic Surface and Sections, process studies Provides access for Cost, time and ice limited subsurface many disciplines Submarines $$$ Synoptic Subsurface Sections Mobility Infrequent, sensor, and personnel limited Gliders and AUVs $$ Synoptic Subsurface Sections Mobility Frequency and duration under development Surface Drifters $ Long-term Surface Lagrangian time series Inexpensive, extensive Limited to surface temporal sampling Ice-Tethered Buoys $$ Long-term Surface and Lagrangian time series Extensive temporal and Too few; subsurface vertical sampling Lagrangian time series Bottom-Tethered $$ Long-term Subsurface Eulerian time series Extensive temporal and Too few; surface and Moorings vertical sampling near-surface not sampled Intensive $$ Long-term Surface, Eulerian time series Temporal sampling Limited geographical Observatories atmosphere coverage Extensive $ Short to Surface, Eulerian and Lagrangian Inexpensive, broad Limited range of Measurement Sites Long-term atmosphere time series geographic coverage measurement parameters Local Observers $ Long-term Surface, Eulerian and Lagrangian Year-round presence, Geographically focused atmosphere, time series, sections inexpensive (e.g., coasts)
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From page 75... ...
DESIGNING THE NETWORK 75 Box 5.2 General Guidance on Incorporating Local and Traditional Knowledge into Observing Networksa · The AON must work in partnership with local and indigenous organizations from the outset to determine the type of information that will be linked to the AON, how it will be collected and used, and who will make decisions regarding control of information. There must be open and ongoing communication with communities as well as local and regional capacity building so that local people can engage with the project (Eamer, 2005; Loring, 2005)
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76 TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ARCTIC OBSERVING NETWORK community composition, species distributions, and ice con- mittee's physical key variables, many of the biogeochemical ditions. In many cases, there are no practical alternatives to key variables, and one of the human variables (Annex Table transects for collecting water samples for key chemical and 3A.3)
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DESIGNING THE NETWORK 77 sion and development of an effective network. For this reason, terrestrial locations such as Abisko, Barrow, Cherski, Box 5.3 Ny-Ålesund, Pasvik river basin, Summit, Tiksi, and Toolik European Network for Arctic-Alpine Lake have obvious advantages as network nodes because Environmental Research scientific data collection has been under way for many decades in some cases.
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78 TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ARCTIC OBSERVING NETWORK tions, and using data assessment techniques to initially ment -- that is, as a component of IPY -- to ensure a panoptimize the network. The assessment will need to deter- arctic, multidisciplinary, integrated network.
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DESIGNING THE NETWORK 79 Arctic Ocean are notably absent. Fortunately, in situ surface atmospheric networks are the SuperDARN (Super Dual measurements from drifting buoys are valuable sources of Auroral Radar Network)
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80 TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ARCTIC OBSERVING NETWORK sections radially across the major deep basins and key pathways, and on the arctic shelves. The Arctic Ocean Science Box 5.4 Board has endorsed an integrated Arctic Ocean Observing Arctic Coastal Dynamics System Shelf-Basin Exchange initiative as an IPY activity7 that proposes standard sections from shelf to basin and across Arctic Coastal Dynamics (ACD)
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DESIGNING THE NETWORK 81 to terrestrial life at the extreme. These areas may show some sparse and diminishing glacier mass balance observations of the most dramatic physical and biological changes (Pfeffer and Dyurgerov, 2005)
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82 TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ARCTIC OBSERVING NETWORK A number of candidate sites have also been identified for a global borehole network for monitoring the thermal state Box 5.5 of permafrost (Romanovsky et al., 2002) .13 As part of the The Circumpolar Active Layer IPY, the International Permafrost Association plans to Monitoring Network: develop a network of permafrost boreholes for long-term Lessons in Data Harmonization observations.
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From page 83... ...
DESIGNING THE NETWORK 83 measurements in areas of large interannual variability will emerge for the initial phase of building the AON. For need to be placed to enable upscaling to watersheds and example, existing observatories and platforms will form the satellite pixels (for validation of remote sensing)
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84 TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ARCTIC OBSERVING NETWORK ally -- while useful for development of new sensors -- is not a (e.g., through scheduling or when data volume reaches a sustainable model in AON infrastructure development. The specified level)
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DESIGNING THE NETWORK 85 gliders, autonomous aerial vehicles, and autonomous obser- of arctic platforms. Shared sensors will increase the costvatories based on land, ice, and the ocean bottom.
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86 TOWARD AN INTEGRATED ARCTIC OBSERVING NETWORK security applications could be leveraged for arctic observ- Validation and calibration are critical for long-term measureing -- either by directly applying these technologies or with ments and are as important as science goals. Without these some modification for arctic operation.
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DESIGNING THE NETWORK 87 the wheel to solve their arctic infrastructure problems with a network-related technology. In parallel with recognizing coordinated pan-arctic approach.
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