Preterm Birth Causes, Consequences, and Prevention (2007) / Chapter Skim
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From page 741... ...
Index A fetal maturation rate, 78 foreign-born vs. U.S.-born, 26, 129 Academic/school problems, 350, 357, 363- growth outcomes, 382 366, 374 income and net worth, 146 Access to care, 9, 19, 34, 138, 673, 676-678 infant mortality rates, 50-51, 77, 112, Acidosis, 200, 330, 331 130, 315-316, 630 Actin, 175, 182, 291 infections, 27, 100, 132 Adenyl cyclase, 291 infertility, 158 Adenylate cyclase, 173 interpregnancy interval, 153, 154 Administration for Children and Families, low-income, 106-107, 112, 113, 120 447 121, 125 Adolescents, 44, 120, 125-126, 265, 349, marital status–related risks, 125, 127, 128 364, 377, 381, 382, 448, 449, 463, maternal age–related risks, 126, 128 628-629, 678, 679, 681-682 neighborhood environment, 137, 138Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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From page 742... ...
742 INDEX marital status, 128 tobacco use, 27, 92, 131 maternal age, 128 unintended pregnancy, 120-121 preterm birth rates, 5, 49, 128 Age. See also Maternal age American Medical Association, 653 perinatal terminology, 61 American Society for Reproductive Agency for Healthcare Research and Medicine (ASRM)
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, 27, 100, 102, 110, definition, 16, 155 132, 135, 151, 185, 186, 217, 269, delivery method, 163 270, 271, 272, 274, 276, 277, 278, estimated date of confinement, 61 279, 727, 729 ethical issues, 656-658 Bacteriuria, asymptomatic, 110, 132, 133, fetal reduction, 166, 657 184, 276 incidence of pregnancies, 155-157, 167 Bacteroides, 269 168 Ballard Score, 67, 68, 71, 78, 612, 613 infant mortality rates, 17, 162, 657 Bangladesh, 248-249 international comparisons, 166-167 Bayley Scale of Infant Development, 357, live birth trends, 46-47, 157, 164, 165 392 low birth weights, 46, 162, 657, 679 Bax protein, 191 maternal age and, 16, 45, 46-47, 159, Bcl2 protein, 191 166, 167 BEAM Trial, 300 maternal and child health risks, 162-164 Bechwith-Wiedermann syndrome, 164 multiple gestations, 16-17, 45-47, 135, Behavioral influences. See also Nutrition, 154, 157, 159-160, 161, 163-165, maternal; Physical activity; Tobacco 258, 266, 424, 606, 631 use number of embryos transferred, 159, alcohol use, 27, 92, 120, 131, 134, 142 165-168, 258, 656-658 clustering of, 90-91 oversight/regulation, 164-165, 258 cultural context, 142 parturition pathways, 177 douching, 99-100, 121, 131 preterm birth trends and risks, 16, 17, employment-related, 26, 36, 97-99, 110, 37, 45-47, 161, 265, 266-267, 631, 121, 133, 134-135, 149, 265 657, 678, 679 illicit drug use, 24, 26, 27, 36, 63, 89, procedures, 155-157 92-93, 121, 130-131, 133, 134, 180, reporting of outcomes, 16, 18, 45, 155, 626 157 infections, 94 singletons, 17, 46, 159, 162-163, 168, interventions, 471-472 266-267, 657 methodological issues, 23-24, 90-91, 93
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From page 744... ...
744 INDEX nutrition and, 95, 96, 134 racial/ethnic disparities and, 26, 27, 36, personal resources and, 119 92, 100, 129-131, 133 population differences, 25, 63, 70 sexual activity, 99 prenatal stress and, 104, 180 socioeconomic disparities, 90, 93, 133, program eligibility based on, 461 134-135 as proxy for maturity, 4, 5, 8, 25, 31, stress and, 180-181 34, 36, 56-59, 62, 347, 386, 606 Behavioral and socio-emotional outcomes, racial/ethnic disparities, 25, 63, 70, 76, 14, 32, 47, 349, 350, 370-372, 375, 77, 105, 112, 113, 114, 121, 130, 376-377, 381, 394, 396 138-139, 140, 154, 209 Belgium, 167, 168, 470, 668, 669 reporting, 9 Berendes, H., 605 β-adrenergic receptor agonists, 290-291, 295 smoking and, 90, 217, 283 β2-adrenergic receptor, 212, 215 social support and, 116, 143 β-hexachlorocyclohexane, 239 socioeconomic disparities, 139-140 unintended pregnancy and, 120, 121 Beta-mimetic drugs, 291-292, 293, 294 violence and, 110, 138 Betamethasone, 297, 298, 299, 334 Blacks. See African Americans Biological mechanisms.
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From page 745... ...
See Citrulline, 294 also Cerebral palsy; Cognitive Classifications of preterm birth, 607-608 impairment; Neurodevelopmental Clindamycin, 276, 277, 278 disabilities; Neurodevelopmental Clinical research on preterm birth. See also support; Periventricular white matter Career development in clinical disease research; Funding for clinical delivery method and, 332 research and training; Training diagnosis, 333, 379 clinical researchers germinal matrix injury, 333, 334 adolescent subjects, 448, 449, 681-682 IPH, 333, 334, 379 barriers to, 7, 32, 34, 435-436, 438-439 IVH, 295, 296, 297, 298, 300, 326, 331, ethical issues, 447-451, 679-682 33-334, 336, 366, 379, 385
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From page 746... ...
746 INDEX spatial skills, 363, 394 federal activities, 446-447 and special education, 11, 47, 363, 364, informed consent, 448, 449, 680-681 423-424, 717-719 institutional review boards, 448, 449 steroid therapy and, 320 leadership challenges and needs, 8, 452 visual processing and perceptual deficits, 454 362-363, 365, 368-369, 394 liability issues, 450-452 Cohabitation, 127, 129 minimal risk vs no added risk, 448, 450 Collaborative Perinatal Project, 349 451, 680 Colombia statistics and studies, 240, 343 multidisciplinary approach, 32, 452-453, Colony stimulating factors, 213 473-474 Colorado, 70 ob/gyn physician researcher workforce, Community factors. See also Neighborhood 7, 32, 438-439, 440-446, 453-454 conditions protections for subjects of, 448-451, ethical issues, 654 680-681 methodological issues, 136, 144-146 reimbursement for clinical services, 451 modeling, 136, 139-140, 144-146 452, 453 quality index, 145 Clinical Risk Index for Babies, 67 racial/ethnic disparities, 136, 137, 138Co-amoxicillin-clavulanic acid treatment, 139, 140 295, 296 research needs, 141 Cocaine use, 24, 93-94, 134, 180, 191, 471, social class disparities, 136, 139-141, 631.
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747 INDEX Delayed childbearing, 154. See also Cultural factors.
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From page 748... ...
See Medical care costs of 245-247, 252, 321 preterm birth; Societal costs of exposure assessment, 231-232, 237, 244, preterm birth 253 Education gene interactions, 226 costs of preterm birth, 11, 47, 400, 423 and gestational age at birth, 237 424, 460, 706, 717-719 maternal age and, 246 early intervention services, 393-395, metals and metalloids, 22, 230, 231, 458, 460, 469, 472 232, 247-249, 252 Education for All Handicapped Children occupational exposures, 231, 237, 240 Act, 373 241, 242, 246, 248, 249-250 Educational attainment, 114, 130, 390, 622, paternal exposures, 240, 243, 249-250 628-629 PCBs, 241-243, 251 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 209 phthalates, 252, 253 Electroencephalography (EEG) , 68 racial/ethnic disparities, 138, 233, 235, Electroretinography, 68 240, 250-251 Embryonic chorionic gonadotropin, 187 research needs, 253-254 Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor residence as exposure proxy, 231, 232, Act, 672 233, 235, 236, 250 Emotional and affective states.
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From page 749... ...
749 INDEX history of preterm birth, 12, 22, 152, intrauterine interventions, 448, 655-656 209 legal precedents, 649-651, 658-659 impacts of premature infants on, 14, 47, maternal-fetal conflicts, 287, 652-658 389-393 maternal illness, 655 parental leave policies, 638 paternal rights, 448, 680-681 participation in medical decision making, personhood, 653, 659-660 72, 287, 645-652, 655, 659, 660, professional guidelines, 655-656, 662, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668 667-668 public policies affecting, 471 racism or ethnic prejudice, 678 Faroe Islands, 96 in research, 447-448, 679-682 Fas-caspase apoptosis pathway, 191 social and community context, 654 Fatty acids, long-chain, 24, 94, 96-97 societal costs of preterm birth, 673-679 Feeding intolerance, 322, 337 termination of pregnancy, 448, 681 Fenoterol, 291 viability threshold, 314, 448, 450-451, Fentanyl, 340 647, 658-662, 681 Ferritin, 270 Etiologies of preterm birth. See also Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Behavioral influences; Community Certification Act of 1992, 165 factors; Gene-environment Fetal interactions; Genetic susceptibility; adrenal androgen, 172, 185 Medical and pregnancy conditions; brain sparing, 69, 71 Psychosocial factors congenital abnormalities, 64, 163, 327, animal models, 22 328 biological pathways, 21, 22, 37, 89, cortisol, 172, 185 143-144 death, 73, 74, 79, 81, 82, 152, 162, 186, environmental pollutants and, 22-23, 37 209, 279 life course perspective, 37 developmental milestones, 317-318, 322, modeling complex interactions, 25-26, 326, 327, 328, 331-332 37, 141-142, 143, 144-147, 256-257, effects of tocolytics, 293 272, 273 fibronectin, 267, 270, 271, 272, 275, racial/ethnic disparities, 37, 77 277, 285, 286 research recommendations, 6, 21-23, glucocorticoid effects, 297 122-123, 255-256, 488-489 growth, 58, 59, 95, 96, 109, 263, 298; EURONIC project, 661, 668-669 see also Intrauterine growth European Society of Human Reproduction restriction and Embryology, 166 HPA axis, 171-172, 179, 185, 188, Expression proteomics, 220 269 Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, 198 immune interactions with maternal Extremely low birth weight, 59, 314, 448, system, 150, 324 450-451, 647, 648, 650, 651, 658-662 intrauterine interventions, 448, 655-656 Eye.
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From page 750... ...
750 INDEX growth outcomes, 382 Fibronectins, 175, 267, 270, 271, 272, 275, infant mortality rate, 77 277, 285, 286 pulmonary morbidity, 77 Filipino women, 49-50 Gene-environment interactions Finland, 26, 42, 129, 133, 693, 697 epigenetic approaches, 218-219 First And Second Trimester Evaluation of goals of studies, 211, 216-217 Risk trial, 162 infection/inflammation, 187, 211, 213Fish and fish oil, 96-97, 242 214, 217 Flame retardants, 252 methodological issues, 223-228 Florida, 450, 465, 697 and parturition, 177, 187 Fluconazole, 325 racial/ethnic disparities and, 132-133, 223 Fluorescent polarization, 66 smoking, 217 Folate, 24, 95, 219 toxic agents, 226 Food and Drug Administration, 291, 447, General Health Questionnaire, 107 682 Genetic susceptibility Foster care, 28 analytical challenges, 224-228 France, 42, 470, 605, 648, 668 candidate genes, 210, 212-216, 225 Free radicals, 198-199, 204, 205, 333, 335 data management and integration, 227 Functional Genomics and Proteomic disease-associated, 222-223 Markers of Preterm Delivery and evidence of, 22, 209-216 Their Variation by Race project, 729 family history of preterm birth, 12, 22, Functional maturity, 68-69 152, 209 Functional proteomics, 220 gene-gene interactions, 224 Funding for clinical research and training genetic association studies, 209-211, 226 Burroughs Wellcome Fund, 438, 446, 731 haplotype analysis, 224 CDC, 17, 446, 447, 729-730 inflammation pathway, 212, 213-214 clinical revenues and, 451-452, 453 international comparisons, 209 March of Dimes, 20, 33, 446, 730 maternal history of preterm labor/birth, NICHD, 437, 447, 725, 726, 727 107, 149, 209 NIH, 227, 436, 437, 438, 446, 447, maternal vs. fetal genes, 226 452, 453-454, 725-729 microarray analysis, 216, 219 by professional associations, 437 phenotype definition, 224 recommendations, 8, 32, 255 population admixture, 223, 225-226 by subject area, 725-731 positional cloning, 210 Fungal infections, 325 PPROM, 211-212, 223 and racial/ethnic disparities, 26, 27, 130, G 132, 152, 209, 211-212, 221-223 reporting and replication of results, 228 G proteins, 173, 182 sample size and power, 227 Gamete intrafallopial transfer (GIFT)
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From page 751... ...
751 INDEX as proxy for prematurity, 56-57, 59-65, in preterm birth, 40-41, 617, 618 337, 609-614 racial/ethnic disparities, 638-639 serum eicosapentanoic acid levels and, Geographic information systems, 144 96 Geonomic and Proteomic Network for tobacco use and, 622 Premature Birth Research, 221 trends, 2-3, 31, 38-39, 614, 615, 616, Georgia, 41, 316-317, 677 619, 623 Germany, 42 and survival, 32, 74, 288, 289, 290 Gestational age use of data, 79, 609-610 fetal growth curves by, 58, 59, 63, 69-70 viability threshold, 65, 314, 448, 450 measurement, 9, 10, 38, 43, 59-65, 67 451, 647, 658-662, 681 68, 70, 72, 78, 80, 83, 337, 609-614; Glaucoma, 331, 368 see also Measurement of maturity Glucocorticoids, 172, 179-180, 203, 287, and stress effects, 104 297 Gestational age at birth. See also Large for Glucose metabolism, 99, 386, 387 gestational age; Small for gestational Glutamate, 199, 212, 335 age Glutamic acid, 212 antibiotic therapy and, 278 Glutathione, 199 ART and, 61 Glutathione peroxidase, 199 and birth defect–related preterm birth, Glycoprotein, 271 150 Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G and birth weight, 8-9, 10, 59, 79, 242 CSF)
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From page 752... ...
752 INDEX Homelessness, 105, 106 Health Resources and Services Hopkins Symptom Checklist, 107 Administration, 33, 447 Human Genome Epidemiology workshop, Health Status Classification System for 228 Preschool Children 383-384 Human immunodeficiency virus, 325 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, 417 Human Proteomics Organization, 221 Hearing impairment, 14, 47, 328-329, 348, Hungary, 668 367, 369-370, 371, 372, 376, 399, Hurricane Katrina, 111 403, 415-421, 424, 425 Hydatiform moles, 219 Hearing screening for newborns, 328-329, Hydrocephalus, 334, 353, 379 370 Hydrocortisone, 320, 327, 336 HEDIS (Health Plan Employer Data and Hydrogen peroxide, 199, 204 Information Set) , 18-19, 467 17-Hydroxylase, 173 HELLP syndrome, 655 Hyperbilirubinemia, 328 Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor, Hyperglycemia, 389 187 Hyperoxia, 203, 329 Heptachlor, 239, 241 Hypertension, maternal Heterogeneity of preterm population, 55, chronic, 70, 71, 148, 149, 150 68-76 gestational, 82, 102, 149 fetal maturation, 70-71 and gestational age at birth, 617, 622 IUGR, 69-71 and indicated preterm birth, 149, 630 late-term or near-term infants, 75-76 631 perinatal mortality at limit of viability, and IUGR, 70, 71 72-74 maternal age and, 44 small for gestational age, 69-70 Hypertension, neonatal, 333 Hexachlorobenzene, 239, 241 Hyperthyroidism, 149 Hexoprenaline, 291 Hypocarbia, 198 High blood pressure, 163, 330.
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From page 753... ...
, 16, 17, 155, 156, also individual agents and diseases 159, 160, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167. animal models, 22, 181, 184, 185, 186, See also Assisted reproductive 195-196, 199-200 technologies antibiotic treatment, 132, 151, 186, 196, India, 42, 239, 388 276-280, 625 Indian Health Service, 447 biomarkers of preterm birth risk, 269, Indicated preterm birth 271 alcohol use and, 93 and birth weight, 186, 278 defined, 36, 149 endometrial, 185, 188 fetal conditions and, 150 and fetal death, 186 history of, 149 genetic factors, 187, 211, 213-214, 217, hypertension and, 90, 149 220 maternal age and, 45 group B streptococcus, 185, 191, 263, 276 racial/ethnic disparities, 77-78 immunomodulators, 196 rates, 608 and implantation errors, 188 risk factors, 149, 150, 262, 609 intracervical inflammation, 282 Individuals with Disabilities Educational intrauterine, 22, 82, 181, 184-186, 189, Act, 395 n.1, 460 191, 195-196, 199-200, 625-626 Indomethacin, 293, 295, 326, 334, 336 lifestyle factors and, 94 Induction of labor, 43 lower genital tract, 185-186, 187; see Infant Health and Development Program, also Bacterial vaginosis 393-394 and neonatal lung injury, 203, 205, 319, Infant mortality rate.
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From page 754... ...
, 45, Environmental Health Sciences, 163, 606 Research, and Medicine, 32 causes, 63, 69, 70, 148 Insulin growth factor binding protein-1, 220 community environment and, 138 Interagency Coordinating Council on Low and fetal death, 82 Birth Weight and Preterm Birth, 446 maternal illness and, 148, 150 Interleukin (IL) and maturation rate, 70-71, 80, 217 IL-1, 174, 179, 184, 187-188, 191, 200, multiple gestations and, 63 213, 222 and preterm birth, 262 IL-1α, 188, 212, 213, 222 smoking and, 217 IL-1β, 185, 211, 212, 213 socioeconomic disparities and, 60 IL-2, 212, 213, 222 stress and, 104, 107, 111, 138 IL-6, 132, 179, 185, 200, 211, 212, 213, unintended pregnancy and, 120 222, 270, 271 Intrauterine insemination, 16, 45, 157, 160 IL-8, 174, 175, 181, 183, 185, 213, 271, Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH)
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From page 755... ...
755 INDEX K parental wishes and rights, 649-652, 659, 660, 664, 665, 666, 667, 668 Kaiser Permanente Medical Care System, personhood legislation and, 659-660 406, 407 professional guidelines, 662, 663, 667Kessel, H., 605 668 Kopelman, Loretta, 649, 666 proxy decision making, 645-648, 663 Krieger's measures of racism, 113 quality-of-life issues vs. value of life, 663, 664, 668, 669, 673 religious beliefs and, 661, 672 L standard of care, 660-662 at viability threshold, 314, 448, 450Labor.
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From page 756... ...
See also Body mass index neurological, 67, 68-69 duration of gestation and, 94 physiological severity, 66-67 gain during pregnancy, 94, 151, 283 postnatal, 62, 67-68, 78, 80, 81, 611 interpregnancy interval and, 154 613 obesity, 94, 148, 151-152 public health implications, 79-81, 609 prepregnancy, 93 610 and spontaneous preterm birth, 151-152, quality of vital records, 79-81 188, 265 racial and ethnic disparities, 67-68, 76 underweight, 109, 148, 151, 154, 188, 78, 80, 612 265, 276, 283 research implications, 10, 76-83, 612Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) , 174, 614 177, 178, 182-183, 185, 195, 271 standards of practice, 80 MMP-1, 175, 183, 190, 191, 211, 215
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From page 757... ...
See also interpregnancy interval, 152-154 Life-sustaining medical treatment and IUGR, 148, 150 Medicaid, 19, 20, 28, 404, 406, 417, 456 maternal, 148-150, 151-154 460, 462, 464-465, 466 Medicare, 406, 417 Medical care costs of preterm birth, 47, Medline, 690-691 604-605 Meningitis, 325 assistive devices, 418 Menstrual cycle, 60 birth to early childhood, 47, 399, 400, Mental retardation, 14, 32, 47, 348, 353, 403-415 355-356, 374, 376, 399, 403, 415 birth weight or gestational age and, 401, 421, 424, 425 410-414, 428, 673, 674, 689, 694 Metabolic pathways, 215-216 695, 698-700, 704-705, 706-707, 711 Metabolomic technologies, 272 burden on minorities, 705 Metals and metalloids, 22, 230, 231, 232, burden on payers, 705-706 247-249, 252. See also individual categories of costs, 702, 704, 706 metals characterization and estimates, 707-719 Metaproterenol, 291 co-morbid and resulting conditions, 11, Methodological issues 415, 707 aggregation bias, 130 content limitations of studies, 704-707 analytical challenges, 136, 224-228 direct costs, 402, 415, 688, 707-717 behavioral measures, 23-24, 90-91, 93 disability-specific beyond early birth weight as measure of prematurity, childhood, 415-422 56-59, 62, 347, 386 ethical issues, 673-675 community factors, 136, 144-146 geographic adjustment, 409-410, 426, confounders, 24, 90, 93, 94, 97, 99, 101, 710 106, 121, 133, 136, 151, 180, 224 initial hospitalization, 10-11, 406-409, 225, 226, 233, 235, 239, 242, 635 428, 688, 691-695, 701-702, 704 cost studies, 691-707 706, 707-712 data management and integration, 78, inpatient, 410-411, 412, 414, 417, 418 227 lengths of stay, 406-409, 709, 710, 711 diagnostic criteria, 14, 349, 701 long-term care, 417, 418, 422, 459 ecological-level effects, 145, 231, 233, maternal, 11, 47, 399, 400, 401, 402, 253 403, 426, 704-705, 709, 711 exposure assessment, 231-232, 235, 239, national, 412, 421-422, 428 244, 245, 253 nonsurvivors, 673, 674, 702 follow-up studies, 14, 349 outpatient, 411-412, 413, 414, 417, generalizability of findings, 690, 702 422, 715, 717 genetic studies, 223-228 physician visits, 417, 418 infant mortality rates, 315 post-discharge, 167, 696-700, 702-704, international comparisons, 42, 43, 112, 706-707, 712-719 612, 637-638 prescription medications, 418, 714 intervention research, 115, 116-118, 142 public burden, 456-457 maternal vs.
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From page 758... ...
758 INDEX and delivery method, 163 multilevel studies, 141-142, 143, 144-147 and gestational age at birth, 75, 161 multiple-gene testing, 225 162, 622 nested data structures, 139 and IUGR, 63, 71 observational studies, 91, 95, 101-102, live birth rates, 45, 46, 164-165 115-116, 136 maternal age and, 44, 45, 47, 159 outcome measures, 14, 25, 36, 59, 349 maternal and child risks, 163-164 phenotype for preterm birth, 224 measurement of maturity, 80 population admixture, 223, 225-226 mycotoxin exposure and, 241 psychosocial "exposure" assessments, and neuromaturation, 71 97, 99, 101, 107, 109, 112, 114, 115 ovulation promotion and, 16, 17, 45, quality standards, 228 160-161 quasiexperimental designs, 107 and PPROM, 189, 191 recall/self-report, 90, 93, 114, 231, 245 protective nutrients, 97 reporting and replication of results, 228 and rate of preterm birth, 45-46 sample selection criteria, 14, 118, 349, reducing rates of, 164-168 377, 701 reporting requirements, 45, 160 sample size and power, 101, 227, 342, and risk of preterm birth, 12, 46, 47, 97, 701 159-168, 265, 266, 270, 627, 630 social exposure assessments, 144 631 terminological/linguistic, 4-5, 8, 36, 56, socioeconomic differences and, 135, 158 99, 112 spontaneous, 160, 161 Methyl-binding domain proteins, 218 twin-to-twin transfusion sequence, 150 Methylxanthines, 321, 341 ultrasound detection, 64 Metronidazole, 151, 275, 276, 277, 278, and uterine overdistension, 181 279, 280 Mycoplasma hominis, 99 Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Mycoplasma species, 269 Disability Surveillance Program, 403 Mycotoxins, 241 Mexican women, 49, 105, 129, 133 Myosin, 175, 182, 290, 291 Mexico, 42 Myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) , 171, MFM Units Network Preterm Prediction 174, 175, 182, 291, 292 study, 152 Myotonic dystrophy, 209 Michigan, 242, 650, 727 Michigan State University, 727 Miller, Nikolaus T., 57 N Minnesota, 697 Missouri, 467-468 Narcotic abstinence syndrome, 341 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)
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From page 759... ...
and Kidney Diseases, 447 See also Central nervous system National Institute on Drug Abuse, 447, 726 complications; Neurodevelopmental National Institute of Environmental Health disabilities; individual conditions Sciences, 210-211, 447 animal models, 196-200, 202, 203, 206 National Institute of Mental Health, 447 auditory, 328-329 National Institute of Neurological and breastfeeding and, 338, 343 Communicative Disorders and cardiovascular, 198, 293, 295, 296, 297, Stroke, 35, 300, 349 298, 299, 300, 317, 320, 321, 323, National Institute of Nursing Research, 447 326-327, 331, 333 National Institute of Occupational Safety CNS, see Central nervous system and Health, 249 complications National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 446, gastrointestinal, 76, 295, 296, 297, 298, 447 317, 320, 321, 322-324, 326, 327 Consensus Conference, 297 gestational age and, 3, 13-14, 76, 201 F grants, 727, 728 202, 314, 349 funding for preterm birth research, 227, hematologic, 87, 327-328 452-453, 725-729 iatrogenic, 349 K grants, 437, 727, 728 infections and immune system, 76, 322 Medical Scientist Training Program, 440 323, 324-326, 331, 334, 343, 422 MFMU network, 726, 727-728 jaundice, 336-337 Neonatal Research Network studies, 728 late-onset problems, 331 Office of Research on Women's Health, management practices and, 343-344 33, 158
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From page 760... ...
760 INDEX infection/inflammation and, 203, 205, near-term or late-preterm infants, 4, 14, 319, 325, 326, 336 76, 336-337 long-term effects, 320, 321 ophthalmic, 67, 317, 326, 329-331 mechanical ventilation and, 202, 203 parenteral nutrition, 323 204, 205, 299, 320, 328, 343 rehospitalization, 14, 202, 320, 380-381 medications, 319-320, 321 respiratory, see Neonatal lung disease/ and neurodevelopmental outcomes, 318, injury 319, 320, 321, 378-379 severity measures, 66-67 oxidative stress and, 204-205 side effects of treatment, 300, 320, 322, pneumonia, 295, 319, 323, 325 326, 328, 331, 334-335, 336 positive end-expiratory pressure and skin, 324 oscillatory ventilation, 204, 319 thermoregulation, 76, 336, 343 pulmonary hypoplasia, 318 transfusions, 327-328 and reactive airway disease, 14, 32, 319, variations in rates, 56, 343-344 323-324, 422 viability limit and, 324 RSV infections, 320-321, 707 Neonatal Individualized Developmental and SIDS, 321 Care and Assessment Program surfactant deficiency, 66, 202, 204, 299, (NIDCAP) , 338, 342 318, 320 Neonatal intensive care units (NICU)
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From page 761... ...
761 INDEX 6-Nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f) quinoxaline lung disease/injury and, 318, 319, 320, 2,3-dione, 199 321 motor impairment, 14, 32, 47, 334, 335- L-Nitro-arginine methylester, 175 336, 348-349, 350-354, 374, 375; Nitroglycerin, 294-295 see also Cerebral palsy Nitrous oxides, 234-235, 236 physical therapy and medical North Carolina, 104, 679, 731 interventions, 353 Norway, 42, 240-241, 248, 249, 265, 647 predictors, 349, 379 Nutrition, maternal.
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From page 762... ...
762 INDEX Ovarian cancer, 163, 338 Oral contraceptive use, 60 Ovulation hyperstimulation syndrome, 163 Orciprenaline, 291 Ovulation promotion, 16, 17, 18, 45, 157, Organisation for Economic Co-operation 160, 162, 163, 167, 168, 258 and Development, 710 Oxidative stress, 197, 204-205 Organophosphate pesticides, 239-240, 241 Oxytocin Otitis media, 328 and parturition process, 170, 171, 172, Outcomes for premature infants. See also 175, 178, 179, 215 Cognitive impairment; receptor antagonists, 291, 293-294 Neurodevelopmental disabilities receptors, 174, 177, 181, 215, 294 accuracy of professional estimates of, Ozone, 234, 235, 236-237 651-652 antibiotic therapy and, 22, 132, 151, 186, 274, 275, 276-280 P ART and, 17, 46, 162, 657 behavioral and socio-emotional p53 protein, 191 problems, 14, 32, 47, 349, 350, 370 Pancuronium, 334 372, 375, 376-377, 381, 394, 396 Papiernik, Émile, 605 early intervention and, 15, 82, 202, 353, Parathyroid hormone-related peptide, 171 380, 393-396, 469-470 Parity, and risk of preterm birth, 628-629 educational achievement, 365-366, 376, Parturition process 377, 381, 394 animal models, 22, 181, 184, 185, 186, family impacts, 389-393, 395-396 187, 192-196, 199-200, 251, 254 fetal-origins hypothesis, 386-389 ART and, 177 functional, 349, 369, 374-377, 384, 392, behavioral response, 180-181 396 Braxton-Hicks contractions, 171 gestational age at birth and, 347-348 cervical ripening, 170, 172, 174-175, growth, 3, 32, 320, 321, 381-382, 387, 181 388 CRH and, 170, 172-173, 174, 176, 179, health, 3, 14, 32, 202, 320, 380-381, 180, 187, 215 386-389 decidual and fetal membrane activation, intact survival, 373-374 170, 172, 174, 175 maternal mental health and, 378, 380, decidual hemorrhage and, 17, 182-183 390 environmental toxicants and 251-252, measures, 14, 25, 36, 59, 349 254 methodological issues, 14, 25, 36, 59, estrogens and, 172, 173-174, 175, 179, 347, 349, 377, 386-387, 396-397 187, 215 multiple disabilities, 371-372 gene-environment interactions and, 177, neonatal factors, 318, 319, 320, 321, 187 378-379 implantation errors and, 187-188 prenatal and intrapartum predictors, 378 infection and inflammation and, 21, 22, quality of care and, 409, 465, 631, 633, 36, 135, 176, 179-180, 184-187, 677-678 195-196, 199-200, 213-214, 251, quality of life, 383-386 252, 265, 325 reporting, 15-16, 18, 45, 73-74, 155, 157 intrauterine vascular lesions and, 176 research recommendations, 13-16, 349, 177 378, 392-393, 430-431, 484-485 involution, 170, 175 severity of disability and, 372-374, 390 maternal health risk, 13 social support and, 390 myometrial activation, 170, 171-172, socioeconomic conditions and, 379-380, 263 396 myometrial stimulation, 170, 171, 172 treatment interventions, 12, 288-301 175
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From page 763... ...
763 INDEX Periodontal infections, 110, 184, 186, 187, NIH research portfolio, 726-727 265, 279-280 normal pathways, 170-176 Peritonitis, 323 obesity and, 94 Periventricular white matter disease oxytocin and, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, (PWMD) 177, 178, 179, 181, 215, 293 animal models, 196-197, 199-200 placental clock, 111, 172-173, 176, 177 antenatal corticosteroid therapy and, 297 181, 188 cerebral atrophy, 334, 335, 336, 379 preterm pathogenesis, 12, 111, 176-189 cerebral white matter lesions, 196, 197, progesterone and, 171, 172, 173, 174, 199-200 179, 181, 187, 215 cerebrovascular regulatory impairment prostaglandins and, 96, 170, 171, 172, and, 198, 333, 335 173, 174-175, 177, 178, 184, 185, hypoperfusion and, 197 195, 215, 251, 293 incidence, 196 quiescence, 170, 171, 173, 292 infection or inflammation and, 199-200, research needs, 189 317, 326, 335 signaling mechanisms for labor, 68, 110, and neurodevelopmental diabilities, 335 171-173, 179, 185, 251 336 stress and, 111, 177-181 periventricular leukomalacia, 196-197, uterine contractility, 170, 171, 172, 174, 199-200, 297, 298, 333, 335, 336, 175, 182, 185, 215, 251 366, 379 uterine overdistension and, 181 pre-OL vulnerability, 198-199, 335 uteroplacental thrombosis and, 182-183, and strabismus, 366 214-215 in ventilated premature infants, 198 Parvovirus infection, 82 Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, Patent ductus arteriosus, 198, 293, 297, 252 326-327 Personal resources, 118-120, 127 Paternal Personal Responsibility Work Opportunity exposure to environmental toxicants, and Reconciliation Act, 462 240, 243, 249-250 Personhood, 653, 659-660 perceptions of impacts, 391 PGDH, 174 rights, 448, 680-681 PGE, 181 Pennsylvania, 234, 450, 664, 696 PGE2, 174, 191 Perhydroxyl, 204 PGF2α, 174 Perinatal care.
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From page 764... ...
See also Neonatal intensive Pneumonia, neonatal, 295, 325 care units; Perinatal care Pneumothorax, 202, 334 access to, 9, 19, 26-27, 34, 36, 64, 133, Poland, 248 143, 273, 282, 316 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, 252 data reporting on, 79, 81 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 241-243, 251 focus of, 263 Polyhydramnios, 181, 191, 209, 610 Medicaid eligibility, 19, 465 Porencephaly, 379 and preterm birth rate, 131, 139, 143, Post-NICU discharge interventions 265, 465, 633 Avon Premature Infant Project, 394-395 prior reports on, 34 early infant and childhood, 393-394 racial/ethnic disparities and, 26-27, 36, National Early Intervention Longitudinal 64, 131, 133, 679 Study, 395-396 socioeconomic conditions and, 133, 135, Post-term infants, 80 143 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 112 stress and, 181 Postdate pregnancy, 263 time of initiation, 79, 81, 606 Postmenstrual age, 61, 69 ultrasound standard, 9, 64, 83 Postpartum endometritis, 185 Prenatal counseling, 651 Prediction/predictors of preterm birth Prenatal education, 101 biological, 220, 269-271 Prenatal stress, maternal biophysical, 267-269, 270, 272 animal models, 102, 180 Bishop scores, 267 behavioral response, 180-181 cervical examination, 267, 268-269 biological responses, 101, 110, 144, clinical, 265-267 179-180, 626 fetal fibronectin, 267, 270, 271, 272 and birth weight, 104, 180 lower genital tract markers, 269, 270, catastrophic events, 24, 27, 105-106, 271, 272 107, 111, 121, 180 multiple-marker approach, 271-273 chronic exposures, 24, 27, 105, 106 rationale for, 264-265, 272 107, 110, 111, 121, 135, 137, 142, research needs, 272-273 180, 626 sensitivity, 3, 270 community context, 137, 142, 143-144 serum biomarkers, 269, 270 coping strategies, 137, 180 uterine contractions, 267-268 cultural considerations, 26, 36, 111-112, Preeclampsia, 45, 70, 82, 148, 150, 162, 142 163, 186, 188, 219, 220, 221, 262, defined, 177 263, 655 developmental effects, 102 Pregnancy Outcomes in Community Health domestic/personal violence, 24, 110, 135 Study, 729 emotional components, 24, 102, 103, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring 104, 107-109, 110, 111, 121-122 System, 105, 120
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From page 765... ...
See also physiologic reactivity, 111 Treatment interventions and placental clock, 177-181 antibiotic therapy, 22, 132, 274, 275, and racial/ethnic disparities, 105, 106 276-280 107, 109, 112, 113-114, 130, 132, cerclage, 273, 274, 281-282 133 early detection and suppression of labor, racism and discrimination and, 24, 113 264, 273, 275-276 114, 123, 132, 136 economic evaluation, 427-428 reduction, 273, 282 efficacy of interventions, 12, 264, 272 research recommendations, 122-123 283, 633 and risk of preterm birth, 265 focus of efforts, 3, 264 socioeconomic conditions and, 27, 97, medical interventions, 273-280 106-107, 112, 113, 135, 142 neighborhood interventions, 143 unintended pregnancy and, 120, 135 nonmedical interventions, 273, 274, vulnerable time during pregnancy, 108 282-283 Preterm Birth Among Inner City Women: preconception care, 264, 278-279 Bacterial Vaginosis, Stressors and progesterone supplements, 272, 273, Race project, 729 274, 280-281 Preterm labor, 608-609. See also Parturition research needs, 4 process surgical interventions, 273, 281-282 antibiotic therapy, 273, 295-296 Prevotella, 269 anxiety and, 108, 111 Progesterone bed rest, 275 antagonist, 194 clinical evidence, 263 and parturition process, 171, 172, 173, contraction monitoring, 274, 275, 276 174, 179, 181, 187, 192 diagnosis, 12, 220, 268, 273, 284-287, receptor, 173, 215 289-290 supplements, 272, 273, 274, 280-281, efficacy of interventions, 289 727-728, 729-730 ethical issues, 287 Project on Human Development in Chicago genetic markers, 223 Neighborhoods, 143 history of, 107, 274, 275 Prolactin, 214 infections/inflammation and, 211, 295 Prostacyclin (PGI2)
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From page 766... ...
See also Prenatal access to care, 315, 678 stress, maternal behavioral and social factors, 26, 27, 36, emotional response and affective states, 92, 100, 129-131, 133 110-111, 121-122 birth weight, 25, 63, 70, 76, 77, 105, individual-level perspective, 37, 89, 123 112, 113, 114, 121, 130, 138-139, intendedness of pregnancy, 24, 118, 140, 154, 209 120-121, 123 classification of racial and ethnic groups, personal resources, 118-120, 123 48, 221 research recommendations, 122-123 community context, 136, 137, 138-139, social support, 115-118, 122, 136 140 violence, 24 educational attainments and, 130 Public health databases, 79-81 etiology of preterm birth, 77-78 Public policies and programs. See also exposure to environmental toxicants, individual programs 138, 233, 235, 240, 250-251 coordination of, 469-470 fetal maturation rate, 78 early intervention, 28, 469-470 gene-environment interactions, 132-133, economic burdens of preterm birth, 28, 223 456-472 genetic influences, 26, 27, 130, 132, education, 28, 456, 460 152, 209, 211-212, 221-223 expenditures, 456-463 gestational age distributions at birth, financing health care, 28, 456-460, 462 619 63, 464-466, 470 gestational age estimates, 67-68, 76-78, foster care, 456, 458, 463 80, 612 income supports, 28, 456, 457, 459, geographic differences, 638-639 460-462, 470 infant mortality rates, 26, 36, 50-51, 76, juvenile justice, 458, 463 77, 78, 112, 113, 130, 315-316, 630, options for improving outcomes, 464-472 638-639 pro-family, 471 infections, 26, 27, 36, 50-51, 100, 130, quality-of-care initiatives, 466-469 132, 133, 278 research recommendations, 6-7, 28-29, infertility problems, 158 474-475, 479, 491-492 interpregnancy interval, 153 social reforms, 470-472 intra- and inter-group variations, 129, Puerto Rican women, 49, 129 146 Pyelonephritis, 279 life-course perspective, 37 marital status-related risks, 125, 127, 128 Q maternal-age-related risks, 126, 127, 128 measuring risk, 138 Quality of care nativity and duration of residence and, managed care and, 467 26, 129, 133, 140, 146, 628-629 measures of, 467 prenatal care, 9, 26-27, 36, 64, 131, 133 NICU, 18, 20, 466 prenatal stress, 26, 27, 36, 111-112, perinatal, 466-469 130, 132, 133 prenatal, 18-19, 20
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, 317, training 326, 329-331, 366, 368, 375, 378, behavioral and psychosocial risk factors, 384, 707 23-26, 122-123 Retroplacental hematomas, 183 causes of preterm birth, 255-258 Rhode island, 168 clinical and health services research, 6, Risk factors for preterm birth. See also 12-21, 473-474, 482-488 Prediction/predictors of preterm birth data collection, 6, 8-10, 84-85, 480-482 behavioral and psychosocial, 625-626 delivery of health care, 19-21, 474, 488 demographic, 625 diagnosis and treatment, 12-13, 308 efficacy of interventions by, 274-275 309, 483-484
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From page 768... ...
See also instrumental aid, 115 Geographic differences; Maternal intervention research, 101, 115, 116-118 age; Racial/ethnic disparities; marital status and, 127 Socioeconomic conditions neighborhood environment and, 137, birth defects, 151 143
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From page 769... ...
system, prenatal care, 135 179 and racial/ethnic disparities, 51, 129, Syphilis, 325 130, 133-135, 147 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 148, 149, and risk of preterm birth, 4, 5, 24, 26, 150 36, 51, 60, 98, 126, 133-135, 136, 470-471, 628-629 and stress, 27, 97, 106-107, 112, 135, T 142 Sodium nitroprusside, 175 Taiwan, 244 Solvents, 249 Tay-Sachs disease, 222 South Africa, 42 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, South Carolina, 77, 677 28, 458, 459, 462, 470, 471 Spain, 26, 42, 133, 239, 247-248 Terbutalin, 291, 292 Special education, 11, 47, 363, 364, 399, Termination of pregnancy 400, 415, 417, 423-424, 458, 460, induced, 64, 73, 657, 660, 681 673, 717-718 spontaneous abortion, 60, 81, 188 Special Education Expenditure Project, 424 Terrorist attacks of 9/11, 105-106, 111 Spina bifida, 150 Tetracycline, 276, 278 Spontaneous preterm birth, defined, 36. See Texas, 650, 696 also Parturition process Th1-type cytokine, 188 State Children's Health Insurance Program Th2-type cytokines, 188 (SCHIP)
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From page 770... ...
770 INDEX corticosteroids, 296-299, 334 Thrombin receptor agonist peptide type 14, informed decision making, 287-288, 289 191 maternal transfer, 12-13, 287, 289, 291, Thrombophilias, 82 292, 295, 300-301 Thromboxane B2, 205 off-label medicine use, 447-448 Thyroid disease, 82 strategies and effectiveness, 12, 288-301 Thyroxine, 336 tocolytic drugs, 184, 273, 275, 276, Title V Maternal and Child Health 290-295 programs, 28, 458, 462-469 Trends in preterm birth Tobacco use ART and, 45-47, 617 and birth weight, 90, 217, 283 data reporting issues, 635-636 confounding in environmental studies, delivery method, 43-44, 622, 623 235 extremely low risk mothers, 622, 624 cultural context, 142 geographic differences, 40-41, 614-617, gene-smoking interaction, 217 618, 620-621, 630, 631 and gestational age at birth, 622 by gestational age, 2-3, 31, 38-39, 614, and hypertension, 91 615, 616, 619, 623 interventions, 101 hypertensive or diabetic mother, 617, and IUGR, 217 622 maternal age and, 92 infant mortality rate, 39-40, 627, 630 as outcome of preterm birth, 371 631, 632-625 prenatal stress and, 181 international comparisons, 42-43 and preterm birth, 36, 90, 91-92, 130 marital status, 617 131, 134, 136, 217, 266, 317, 622, maternal age, 44-45, 617, 632 630-631 multiple births, 45-47, 617, 622, 623 prevalence, 217 racial/ethnic disparities, 614, 616, 617, and PPROM, 189, 191 619-622, 631 racial/ethnic disparities and, 27, 36, 92, rates, 2-3, 38, 406, 604, 614-617 131, 317, 679 by risk factor, 624-627, 628-631, 632 and rehospitalization risk, 716 singleton, 39 second-hand smoke, 22, 231, 245-247, smokers, 617, 622 252, 321 socioeconomic status, 622-623 socioeconomic conditions and, 90, 133, Trichloroacetic acid, 244 134 Trichomonas vaginalis, 99, 277, 279 unintended pregnancy and, 120 Trihalomethanes, 244, 245 Tocolytic (labor-inhibiting) agents, 184, Tryptophan, 219 273, 280, 290-295 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
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From page 771... ...
771 INDEX V neuroimaging, 333, 335 safety, 65 Vaginal bleeding, 12, 62, 183, 191, 265 standards of practice, 9, 64, 83 Vaginal microflora, 100 timing of, 80 Vaginosis. See Bacterial vaginosis training of personnel, 83, 611 Vascular epithelial growth factor, 187 weight estimates by, 70 Ventricular peritoneal (VP)
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From page 772... ...
772 INDEX Y neighborhood environment, 137, 138, 140, 143 Yaffe, S., 605 prenatal care, 131 Yeast infection, 277 rate of preterm birth, 5, 26, 48, 76, 128, 130, 315, 614, 616, 617, 620-621, 622, 678, 679 Z risk of preterm birth, 209, 212, 265 stress, 107, 108, 132 Zinc supplementation, 95 tobacco use, 27, 92, 131, 617 Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) , 155, WIC program, 470 156.
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