Visualizing Chemistry The Progress and Promise of Advanced Chemical Imaging (2006) / Chapter Skim
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Executive Summary
Executive Summary
Pages 1-12
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Despite these advances, today's demands on imaging have grown well beyond traditional "photographic" imaging such as medical X-ray applications. The new frontiers in microelectronics, disease detection and treatment, and chemical manufacturing demand the ability to visualize and understand molecular structures, chemical composition, and interactions in materials and reactions (see example in Box 1)
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A positron-emitting chemical compound, Pittsburgh Compound B (PIB) , binds specifically to amyloid plaque and can be used to image Alzheimer's disease using PET.
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Addressing the Grand Challenge Understanding and controlling complex chemical processes thus requires the ability to perform multimodal imaging across all length and time scales. Complete characterization of a complex material requires information not only on the surface or bulk chemical components, but also on stereometric features such as size, distance, and homogeneity in three-dimensional space.
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While this gets closer to understanding and controlling complex chemical processes, further advances will also require developments in certain key areas of chemical imaging research. AREAS OF CHEMICAL IMAGING RESEARCH Understanding and controlling complex chemical processes also requires advances in more focused areas of imaging research.
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Optical Imaging In contrast to NMR and MRI, optical spectroscopy imaging techniques utilize radiation at an energy level high enough to allow individual photons to be measured relatively easily with modern equipment at a detection sensitivity almost matched by the mammalian eye. As a result, the sensitivity and inherent temporal
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spectral regions. While electronic spectroscopy is less enlightening about structural information than NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, the shorter wavelengths involved allow higher spatial resolution for imaging, and its stronger signal yields superb sensitivity.
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Techniques such as CARS microscopy and other nonlinear Raman methods offer the possibility of new contrast mechanisms with chemical sensitivity, but their potential depends critically on advances in laser sources, detection schemes, and new Raman labels. Continued developments in these nonlinear approaches will enable superhigh resolution using far-field optics without the need to employ proximal probes.
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Development of higher-quality electron beams and short pulses of electron beams would broaden and deepen the application of electron microscopy. Electron Microscopy Detectors Detectors for electron microscopy are required to improve spatial and temporal sensitivity.
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The development of chemically selective proximal probe imaging methods has played a central role in uncovering sample heterogeneity and understanding its origins. One of the best examples of the use of proximal probe methods is the chemical bonding information that has been obtained on semiconductor surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Image visualization methods vary from simply choosing a color scale for display of a single image to methods for displaying three-dimensional datasets. For three-dimensional data, additional analysis tools are required, including the ability to extract spectra from a selected region of interest for multispectral imaging datasets or rendering a three-dimensional volume or projection for depth arrays.
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All Imaging Techniques Light Sources Brighter, tunable ultrafast light sources would benefit many of the areas discussed in the report, particularly infrared-terahertz (between visible light and radio waves) vibrational and dynamical imaging, near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM)
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To continue receiving benefits from these technologies, sustained efforts are needed to facilitate understanding and manipulation of complex chemical structures and processes. By linking technological advances in chemical imaging with a sciencebased approach to using these new capabilities, it is likely that fundamental breakthroughs in our understanding of basic chemical processes in biology, the environment, and human creations will be achieved.
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