Decadal Survey of Civil Aeronautics Foundation for the Future (2006) / Chapter Skim
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B R&T Challenges for Propulsion and Power
B R&T Challenges for Propulsion and Power
Pages 89-110
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From page 89... ...
Since the revolutionary introduction booms associated with supersonic flight. of the turbofan, engine source noise reductions have been Figure B-1 shows how the impact of aviation noise on more evolutionary, with incremental advances such as highpeople living around airports has declined in the United States.
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From page 90... ...
90 DECADAL SURVEY OF CIVIL AERONAUTICS TABLE B-1 Prioritization of R&T Challenges for Area B: Propulsion and Power Strategic Objective Why NASA? t ce en mn e y manro rit viro En Perf Secu urtcurtsa Risk Score Sponsors of d Reliability eht hti ecap Infr Level Score an d w S e Composite y and cy an ies tot Alignment ting Alternative y Priority of cienif erg Priority erg NASA uppor uppor Capacit Safety Ef En Syn S S Mission Lack Appropriat R&T Challenge Weight 5 3 1 1 National /4 each Why NASA B1a Quiet propulsion systems 9 1 3 9 3 1 90 3 9 3 9 6.0 540 B1b Ultraclean gas turbine combustors to reduce gaseous and particulate emissions 9 1 3 9 3 1 90 3 9 3 9 6.0 540 in all flight segments B3 Intelligent engines and mechanical power systems capable of self-diagnosis and 3 9 3 3 3 1 82 3 9 3 9 6.0 492 reconfiguration between shop visits B4 Improved propulsion system fuel economy 3 1 9 9 3 1 78 3 9 3 9 6.0 468 B5 Propulsion systems for short takeoff and 9 1 3 3 3 1 72 3 9 3 9 6.0 432 vertical lift B6a Variable-cycle engines to expand the 3 1 9 3 3 9 68 3 9 3 9 6.0 408 operating envelope B6b Integrated power and thermal management 3 1 9 3 3 9 68 3 9 3 9 6.0 408 systems B8 Propulsion systems for supersonic flight 3 1 3 1 9 9 50 9 9 3 9 7.5 375 B9 High-reliability, high-performance, and high power-density aircraft electric power 1 3 9 3 3 3 62 1 9 3 9 5.5 341 systems B10 Combined-cycle hypersonic propulsion 1 1 3 1 9 9 40 9 9 3 9 7.5 300 systems with mode transition B11 Alternative fuels and additives for propulsion that could broaden fuel sources 3 1 3 9 3 1 60 3 3 3 9 4.5 270 and/or lessen environmental impact B12 Hypersonic hydrocarbon-fueled scramjet 1 1 3 1 9 9 40 9 3 3 9 6.0 240 B13 Improved propulsion system tolerance to weather, inlet distortion, wake ingestion, 3 9 3 1 3 1 76 3 3 3 3 3.0 228 bird strike, and foreign object damage B14 Propulsion approaches employing specific planetary atmospheres in thrust-producing 1 1 1 1 1 9 26 3 9 9 9 7.5 195 chemical reactions B15 Environmentally benign propulsion systems, structural components, and 1 1 1 9 3 1 44 3 3 3 3 3.0 132 chemicals B16 Reduced engine manufacturing and 3 3 3 3 3 1 52 3 1 1 3 2.0 104 maintenance costs
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From page 91... ...
Safety and Reliability (1) : This Challenge will not help Key milestones include to achieve this objective, though equipment designed to re duce noise must be compatible with safety and reliability · Develop validated physics-based models to predict en- requirements.
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From page 92... ...
Emissions of NOx, CO, UHC, and PM from the combus tor can be reduced through the development of ultraclean Why NASA? combustion approaches, a critical step to mitigate the envi Supporting Infrastructure (3)
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From page 93... ...
pacts should also be established and correlated with particulate emissions from aviation. Finally, mitigation strate- Supporting Infrastructure (3)
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From page 94... ...
improve the thermal efficiency of gas turbines, to signifi cantly increase fuel economy, and to decrease the environ mental impact of the air transportation system. Relevance to Strategic Objectives The pressure ratio for state-of-the-art gas turbines is ap Capacity (3)
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From page 95... ...
Relevance to Strategic Objectives As shown in Figure B-2, improving thermal efficiency by 15 percent requires advances in several technologies: 3-D Capacity (3) : Improving the fuel economy of civil aircraft aerodynamics, active flow control, cooled cooling air and a will reduce operating costs and increase capacity by permitthermal management system, multiwalled cooling, and ce- ting airlines to increase flight schedules and fleet sizes ramic matrix composites (CMCs)
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From page 96... ...
However, DoD is supporting research The important characteristics of this demonstration engine are to increase overall engine pressure ratio. to achieve overall pressure ratios of 25:1 or 30:1 and turbine Appropriate Level of Risk (9)
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From page 97... ...
Key milestones include civil V/STOL airplanes does not yet exist. · Demonstrate pressure ratios between 25:1 and 30:1 and B6a Variable-cycle engines to expand turbine inlet temperatures of 2800°F for 3,000-shaft the operating envelope hp-class engine components.
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From page 98... ...
The this. Key milestones include current state of the art involves architecture of federated systems, with separate component machinery for auxiliary and · Identify and mature new business models for the deemergency power; environmental control; engine start; ac- sign, development, validation, and support of hardware cessory drive units; waste heat rejection; and so on.
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From page 99... ...
Particularly for supersonic flight, propulsion systems development needs to be integrated with the design of the Why NASA? rest of the aircraft in a multidisciplinary effort to find an Supporting Infrastructure (3)
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From page 100... ...
Key milestones include Why NASA? · Establish needed boundary conditions, initial condi- Supporting Infrastructure (9)
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From page 101... ...
. Key milestones include nents and system-level technologies.
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From page 102... ...
A secondary mission for NASA hypersonics is to proChallenge is relevant to manned and unmanned military air- vide synergy with the DoD programs in the development of craft and will improve the performance of reconnaissance missiles for time-critical mobile targets; global strike and rapid and surveillance aircraft for homeland security missions. resupply aircraft; and routine, on-demand space launch for Support to Space (3)
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From page 103... ...
Key milestones include combined-cycle propulsion systems with mode transition. FIGURE B-3 Technology issues in supersonic combustion ramjets.
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From page 104... ...
. Supporting Infrastructure (9)
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From page 105... ...
: DOE, DoD, and indusate. Key milestones include try are supporting research relevant to this Challenge, al though NASA support is necessary to address all issues con · Develop mechanisms to monitor and interact with on cerning the use of alternative fuels for civil aviation.
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From page 106... ...
: Both NASA and the Relevance to Strategic Objectives DoD support the development of hypersonic propulsion Capacity (3) : Reduced sensitivity to weather and operasystems.
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From page 107... ...
gaseous or liquefied carbon dioxide to a rocket is another The inner terrestrial planets -- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and topic for research. Key milestones include Mars -- are too small to have prevented the light gases, hy · Conduct detailed investigations, numerical and experidrogen and helium, from being blown away by the solar mental, of the fundamental combustion characteristics wind; in fact, Mercury has only a trace atmosphere.
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From page 108... ...
Key milestones include Synergies with National and Homeland Security (1) : This Challenge is not relevant to this Objective.
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From page 109... ...
Key milestones include Guide -- A Guide to Air Quality Issues Under the Clean Air Act.
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From page 110... ...
1999. Gas Turbine Combustion.
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