Human Biomonitoring for Environmental Chemicals (2006) / Chapter Skim
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2 U.S. and International Biomonitoring Efforts
2 U.S. and International Biomonitoring Efforts
Pages 27-70
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. With the additional exposure surveillance data provided by NHANES and a variety of international biomonitoring efforts, regulators now have an improved understanding of how widespread some chemical exposures are in the general population.
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CDC has been a major player in funding both state and national biomonitoring programs. NHANES and the National Reports on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals have provided regulators with a comprehensive overview of exposures in the general population to selected chemicals.
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29 s' IIIt 2005 CDC National Human Exposure Repor IIt 's 2003- 2004 NHANES CDC National Human Exposure Repor ing 's mar It 's 2001 2002 NHANES CDC National Biomonitor Prog CDC National Human Exposure Repor 1999 2000 NHANES s' A 1998 NIEHS/ EP Children Centers HEI 1996 1993 NHEXAS III 1994) - yev yev Sur Sur yev 1988 efforts.
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The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey NHEXAS was established in 1993, as a follow on to NHATS, to evaluate comprehensive human exposure to multiple chemicals on a community and regional scale (EPA 2005)
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If funded, future national biomonitoring efforts would include the NCS, a longitudinal study of children from when they are in utero to the age of 21 years that would incorporate regular biomonitoring for environmental chemicals. CDC's NHANES and the Reports on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, the NIEHS-EPA Centers for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research, and the NCS are highlighted below.
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popuPrevention -- National Health and lation's exposure to environmental chemicals using Nutrition Examination Surveys biomonitoring data from NHANES. First National (NHANES)
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, herbicides, phthalates, phytoestrogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, polychlorinated biphenyls, tobacco smoke continued
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Agricultural Health Study Large prospective cohort study, conducted in North Carolina and Iowa, to assess current and past agricultural exposures using interviews and environmental and biologic monitoring. Evaluating relationship between pesticide exposure and the development of specific cancers (Alavanja et al.
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, organophophorus dialkyl phosphate metabolites, pyrethroids, PCBs, PBDEs, phthalates, lead, mercury Asbestos, nitrates and nitrites, persistent organic pollutants, selenium Arsenic, mercury, phthalates, polybrominated diphenyl ethers PAHs, PBDEs, organochlorine pesticides, VOCs, cotinine, trace elements, inorganic mercury continued
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. Canada Canadian Health Measures Survey Beginning in 2006, Statistics Canada will initiate a national survey of 5,000 people to collect data on health status and biological measurements to assess exposures to environmental chemicals, including lead and mercury.
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Arsenic, cotinine, DDT, dioxins, lead, PBDEs, PCBs, mercury, cholinesterase, trihalomethanes Heavy metals, arsenic speciation, mercury speciation, organophosphates, organochlorine pesticides, VOCs, dichloroethane, trichloroethylene; cotinine, nitrates and nitrites, creosote, PAHs (wood smoke) , radionuclides, cyanide, dioxin-furan, disinfection byproducts, perchlorates, phthalate metabolites, thiodiglycol (mustard gas)
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. aA number of the EU efforts discussed in this table were identified from an inventory of biomonitoring efforts in European Commission (2004)
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U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL BIOMONITORING EFFORTS 39 Chemicals Measured Cadmium, lead, PCBs, dioxins, chlorinated pesticides In vitro cytokine secretion in relation to allergen exposure Lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, steroid hormone Organochlorine pesticides, PCBs, PCDDs-PCDFs continued
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milk France EDEN Study was initiated to identify factors associated with allergies and respiratory diseases in children, using biomarker data on heavy metals in cord blood, placenta, and hair and cotinine in cord blood and hair (European Commission 2004)
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U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL BIOMONITORING EFFORTS 41 Chemicals Measured Air pollutants, tobacco smoke, cytogenetic biomarkers Dioxins, furans, PCBs, PBDEs, heavy metals Heavy metals, cotinine Glycol ethers, trichloroacetic acid, atrazine, PCBs, dioxin-like compounds Primarily study of nutrition Allergens, air pollutants, mold, and endotoxins Lead, cadmium, PCDD/PCDF and PCBs continued
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. Luxembourg LNS/ALMEN/CST/AKUT: Impact Study will evaluate immunologic biomarkers and of heavy metals and molds on assess heavy metals in serum and/or hair samples environmentally burdened patients (European Commission 2004)
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, PCBs, pentachlorophenol, P,P-DDT Lead, cadmium, mercury, PCBs, DDE, HCB, HCH, arsenic, nickel, creatinine, cotinine, nicotine, cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, pentachlorophenol and other chlorophenols, metabolites of pyrethroids, PAHs, organic esters of phosphoric acid Reference ranges have been established for arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, platinum, nickel in blood and urine; pentachlorophenol and metabolites of organophosphorus in serum and urine; PCBs, ß-HCH, HCB, DDE in blood; organochlorine pesticides (ßHCH, HCB, total DDT) in human milk Metabolites of benzene, toluene, nicotine Heavy metals (cadmium, mercury)
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. Studies of Blood Lead Systematic studies of blood lead in general popula tion (Jakubowski 2004)
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U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL BIOMONITORING EFFORTS 45 Chemicals Measured Dioxins, PCBs, ethanol, contaminated food, tobacco smoke, polluted air Blood samples Presence of mutagenic substances in urine, 1-hydroxypyrene, cotinine, cadmium in urine; lead in blood; selenium in serum; aromatic-DNA adducts Lead Heavy metals, dioxins, dioxin-like compounds continued
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. Placental Uptake and Transfer of Study has been designed to "link the kinetics of the Environmental Chemicals Relating placental transfer of xenobiotics with the epideto Allergy in Childhood Years miologic associations of allergic diseases among (PLUTOCRACY)
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, organic pollutants, allergic responses Heavy metals, lead, cadmium, organochlorine insecticides, PCBs Dioxins of PCDDs-PCDFs, PCBs Dioxins Dioxins, dibenzofurans, dioxin-like PCBs
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population; chemicals in blood and urine were included recently. In addition, CDC's National Reports on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals, based on NHANES data, have been influential in setting priorities for future biomonitoring research (Schober 2005)
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National Reports on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals The first National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals was initially released in 2001 and is based on analyses of NHANES biomonitoring data on exposure to chemicals. The data have various uses: to determine which chemicals people are exposed to and at what concentrations; to establish reference ranges for assessing whether an individual or group has an unusually high exposure, including susceptible populations, such as children, the elderly, and women of childbearing age; to track exposure trends; to assess the effectiveness of public-health efforts to reduce exposure of Americans to specific chemicals; and to set priorities for research on human health effects (CDC 2005)
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Additionally, the raw data from the reports are publicly available and serve as a valuable resource. The use of the National Reports on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals has a number of limitations, including the following: · For most of the monitored chemicals, information for defining health-based reference values is not available.
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. Pesticide-Exposure Studies Two studies of pesticide exposure in farm workers that include biomonitoring are the Agricultural Health Study (AHS)
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. State Biomonitoring Programs The National Biomonitoring Program, launched in 2001 by CDC, was established to support a variety of state efforts to conduct biomonitoring programs to assist with environmental health tracking at the state level.
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. A number of the individual states in the RMBC have initiated biomonitoring efforts.
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Occupational Biomonitoring Efforts Of the occupational biomonitoring programs in the United States, two are administered by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
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The efforts of the American Chemistry Council's Long-Range Research Initiative, the International Life Sciences Institute Health and Environmental Sciences Institute (ILSI-HESI) Biomonitoring Technical Committee, and private laboratories that cater to individual requests to biomonitor for chemicals are highlighted below.
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Many of the private laboratories offer screening for heavy metals (including lead, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, aluminum, and nickel) and other chemicals, such as PCBs, chlorinated solvents, trichloroethylene, and pesticides.
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Examples are discussed below. In the United States, EWG has conducted biomonitoring studies ranging from measurement of 287 chemicals in nine volunteers to monitoring specifically for perchlorate in breast milk of women in 18 states (EWG 2003a; EWG 2005)
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. INTERNATIONAL BIOMONITORING EFFORTS Many biomonitoring studies are undertaken outside the United States, primarily in Europe.
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. An initial survey conducted by SCALE of biomonitoring efforts focusing primarily on children's exposures identified nearly 100 efforts in the EU alone, this is a preliminary effort that is being continuously updated (European Commission 2004)
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The German Environmental Surveys (GerESs) are a multistage probability sample of the German population that include analysis of tissues for traces of environmental chemicals (see Table 2-1 for analytes measured)
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The German Environmental Specimen Bank, initiated in 1985, annually samples and archives specimens to determine the effectiveness of environmental regulations and to conduct retrospective monitoring (European Commission 2004)
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It conducts annual sampling of a variety of environmental and human specimens for use in a number of studies, including retrospective analyses. Regional banks store human blood for use in these studies (European Commission 2004)
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efforts should include biomonitoring of populations that may be at higher risk of exposure to chemicals. Additional funding for state or local biomonitoring programs may provide an opportunity to evaluate exposure of those populations (for example, state HANES)
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and European biomonitoring efforts has yielded the following conclusions: · Biomonitoring is rapidly developing in the United States and Europe with comparable types and numbers of analytes being measured. · The biomonitoring of chemicals in children appears to have a high priority in both the United States and the European Union.
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2005. Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.
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1999. An SAB Advisory: The National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS)
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German Environmental Survey. Federal Environmental Agency, Dessau, Germany [online]
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1985. Plan and Operation for the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1982-84.
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2005. Telebriefing Transcript Third National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.
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2004. Human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: Measuring chemicals in human tissue is the "gold standard" for assessing the people's exposure to pollution.
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