Beyond Bias and Barriers Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering (2007) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 13-23
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From page 13... ...
Identifying the best, brightest, and most innovative science and engineering talent will be crucial if the nation's industries and the nation itself are to maintain their competitive edge. Major American businesses have made clear that the skills needed in today's increasingly global marketplace can only be developed through exposure to widely diverse people, cultures, ideas, and viewpoints.
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. Survey of Earned Doctorates, 19742004.
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Others, including RAND's Gender Differences in Major Federal External Grant Programs and the Government Accountability Office's Women's Participation in the Sciences Has Increased, but Agencies Need to Do More to Ensure Compliance with Title IX, have focused on the role of funding agencies. A number of university task forces have also issued reports on the institutional climate for women faculty,6 including Harvard 5Ethnic and racial minority groups are defined using the current nomenclature of the US Census Bureau: African American, Hispanic, Native American (which includes Alaskan Natives and American Indians)
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0.4 0.3 Associate Professor 0.2 Research University (7) 0.1 0 g r S es he e Sc ry es ics gy l S ic s es nc in t nc nc lo nc is at m er cie ho m m So ono ie ie cie ne Sc he yc gi C Ec Ps at te En fe al cia M pu ic Li ys om Ph C FIGURE 1-2 Comparison of the proportion of women in PhD pools with those in tenure-track or tenured professor positions in 2003, by field.
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NOTES: The Survey of Doctoral Recipients includes only those who earned doctorates in the United States and may underrepresent the actual number of postdoctoral scholars and tenure-track and tenured professors, particularly in those fields such as life sciences where there are a substantial number of international postdoctoral scholars and engineering where there are substantial number of international professors.7 Engineering includes aeronautics, civil, electrical, environmental, industrial, mechanical, and other engineering fields; Life Sciences includes agricultural and biological sciences; Chemistry includes chemical engineering and chemistry fields; Physical Sciences includes geosciences, physics, and other physical science fields; Social Sciences includes political science, sociology and anthropology, and other social science fields.
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Because of the diversity of cultural patterns, the experience and expecta tions of women vary by race and ethnicity.c The additional challenges that girls and women in ethnic and racial minority groups face in attaining scientific and engi neering careers thus merit specific attention. Underrepresentation of this group of women is especially acute; Donna Nelson reports that "underrepresented minority women faculty are almost nonexistent in science and engineering departments at research universities."d In December 1975, an American Association for the Advancement of Science conference on minority women in science found that both minority-group members (male and female)
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. The duality of race and gender for managerial African American women: Implications of informal social networks on career ad vancement.
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These from high school to college. include lack of preparation, lack of • Expand federal and state financial encouragement, cost of attendance, investment in the undergraduate and and poor integration between 2- graduate education of under and 4-year colleges.
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Workforce • Sustained commitment to change. Successful workforce programs seek lasting change in organizations through comprehensive efforts at all levels.
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In addition, the committee has collected and posted information on faculty and climate surveys performed at academic institutions across the United States.b Because of timing, the Committee on Maximizing the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering did not have an opportunity to review these survey results. Footnotes have been added in the text of this report to indicate where the forthcoming CWSE report may shed additional light on issues dis cussed.
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Appendixes provide information on the committee and its charge and reprint a chapter discussing theories of discrimination from a 2005 National Academies report entitled Measuring Racial Discrimination. As the committee's deliberations progressed, it became increasingly clear that various cultural stereotypes and commonly held but unproven beliefs play major, frequently unacknowledged roles in the perception and treatment of women and their work in the scientific and engineering community.
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