Contributions of Land Remote Sensing for Decisions About Food Security and Human Health Workshop Report (2007) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix F White Papers
Appendix F White Papers
Pages 69-94
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Appendix F White Papers
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However, remote sensing products alone cannot tell the full story because food crises occur at the confluence of a complex web of interlocking environmental, political, economic, and social vulnerabilities. Thus, a livelihood-based food security framework is used to interpret the potential impact of natural hazards on food and livelihood security.
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and crop water models such as the Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) have enabled FEWS NET to identify and monitor the development of this drought (see Figure F-1)
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Remote sensing allows FEWS NET to define where a hazard has occurred, its extent, and its severity. Using this information and livelihood baselines, FEWS NET is quickly able to provide decision makers with an analysis of the hazard's impact on food security.
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In this example, remote sensing allowed FEWS NET to identify a triggering event and livelihood analysis enabled FEWS NET to quickly interpret the information to determine the food security impact several months before it was felt and almost nine months before impacts became most acute.
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RESPONSE Increasingly, the value of information collected and analysis conducted for early warning is being recognized as a tool to guide emergency response activities. While this is dominantly in the areas of food security and livelihood analysis, it also includes remote sensing data.
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In addition, remote sensing can support the recovery process of famine-affected populations. When remote sensing data are put in context by using livelihood-based food security analysis, the result is a more insightful and valuable analysis, leading to more effective and earlier actions to mitigate food insecurity.
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76 .TENS WEF:ECRUOS.enilemiTniaRrufraD4-FERugIF
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from the late-1960s through the mid-1970s was a University Applications Grant Program directed by Joseph Vitale. This program provided funds for university researchers to acquaint potential users with remotely sensed data and to train them through directed
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LACIE developed a systematic approach to the analysis of Landsat data without ground truth information using temporal data collection and ancillary data such as weather data and USDAreports. The Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing (AgRISTARS)
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, which for the first time directed attention to social concerns related to collection and analysis of remotely sensed data. HIgH-RESOLuTION DATA Most of our spatial data needs or wants are in the <5 m range for land resources mapping especially when we concentrate on human welfare.
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Foreign satellite data may lessen our concerns about the lack of a Landsat Program, even though a recent memo was released by the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) stating that a Landsat capability is not feasible on NPOESS and that NASA will pursue a plan for a freeflyer satellite to obtain future Landsat data.
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2001. National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnership Programs.
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Their detailed views appeal to our own acute visual powers and our usual wish to see as much as possible of environmental detail. Multi-temporal NOAA and TERRA satellite data give us seasonal imagery of poorer spatial resolution, which is nevertheless much more useful for understanding seasonal events associated with agriculture and the transmission of many tropical diseases.
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This has implications for the developmental routes along which subsistence agriculture should, or should not, be supported by development programs. HuMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH Infectious diseases in the tropics have spatially and seasonally varying impacts that can most usefully be studied using satellite data.
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, and we have recently explored the environmental-poverty links at a variety of scales in Africa, using sets of socioeconomic data that are more traditionally analyzed using small-area mapping techniques developed by the World Bank. We find relationships between satellite-derived environmental variables and poverty indices that are at least as strong as those discovered using the more traditional techniques that tend only to exploit the correlations within (socioeconomic survey)
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accessible at zero cost to all; developing appropriate image-processing algorithms producing relevant, processed data layers; developing robust predictive models for biodiversity, agriculture, health, poverty, and environmental changes through time; linking model outputs to the formulation of environmentally sound policies that are effective at the grass-roots level; and producing a monitoring and feedback system that returns quality field data from project areas, to improve the modelling process. REFERENCE advances in parasitology, Volumes 47 (2000)
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Implications for key food security questions are more readily derived, such as: Which population groups are facing food insecurity, and for how long? What are the best ways to mitigate adverse trends or shocks to their livelihood systems?
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Population groups at high risk of acute food insecurity can be identified and quantified, as can prospects for the duration of the problem. LAND REMOTE SENSINg Current season monitoring by FEWS NET makes extensive use of satellite image products to achieve early detection of drought.
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. Satellite RFE have been especially useful as input to a geospatial crop water balance model that evaluates the availability of moisture to a crop relative to its needs over the course of the growing season.
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REMOTE SENSINg OF SuRFACE WATER Tracking trends in the elevation of the water surface of major lakes and reservoirs can provide valuable insight into the relative abundance of water for human consumption, agriculture, and pastoralism. NASA and USDAhave successfully adapted systems for radar altimetry of the oceans to monitoring water bodies in Africa.
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Fig F-7 FuTuRE OF REMOTE SENSINg SySTEMS In terms of land remote sensing, FEWS NET is increasingly making use of the improved spatial resolution offered by MODIS. The AVHRR NDVI time series, dating back to 1981, will continue to play a vital role, however, due to its value in developing climatological norms.
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Future remote sensing missions, planned and proposed, promise to provide increasingly higher-quality coverage in terms of spatial resolution, frequency of acquisition, and sensor technology. Full implementation of these missions will be vital to famine early warning in Africa, because surface climate monitoring networks, unfortunately, continue to weaken -- a trend that is not likely to improve any time soon.
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2002. Grid cell based crop water accounting for the Famine Early Warning System.
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We propose a complex trophic cascade triggered by climate fluctuation as a model for predicting HPS risk to humans. In addition, data from our studies in North and South America suggest that certain human land use patterns that result in a reduction of biological diversity favor reservoir species for hantavirus and significantly increase human risk for HPS.
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Other factors, such as landscape heterogeneity, microclimatic differences, rodent disease, local food abundance, and competition, may be involved as well, and such complexity will have to be taken into account before a predictive model of HPS risk can be developed on a fine-grained scaled. Understanding the biological complexity of natural and humandominated ecosystems will be required before ecological and evolutionary forecasting can be employed on the scale needed to safeguard the public health against hantaviral and other zoonotic disease outbreaks.
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