Seafood Choices Balancing Benefits and Risks (2007) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix A Glossary and Supplementary Information
Appendix A Glossary and Supplementary Information
Pages 275-296
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From page 275... ...
A Glossary and Supplementary Information GLOSSARY Abbreviations/Acronyms 5-HT In io synaptic serotonin AA Arachidonic acid ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder AEDS Atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome AHA American Heart Association AHR Airway hyperresponsiveness AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality AI Adequate Intake ALA Alpha-linolenic acid ALSPAC Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children AMI Acute myocardial infarction ANOVA Analysis of variance AOCS American Oil Chemists Society APC Aerobic bacterial counts APGAR Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, and Respiration APO Apolipoprotein APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time ARS Agricultural Research Society AUC Area under the curve BDI Beck Depression Inventory
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From page 276... ...
SEAFOOD ChOICES BMD Benchmark dose BMDLs Benchmark dose lower bound BMI Body Mass Index CAD Coronary artery disease CAPS Childhood Asthma Prevention Study CAT Clinical Adaptive Test CD Cluster of differentiation (molecule) CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDDs Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins CDFs Chlorinated dibenzofurans CFR Code of Federal Regulations CGOST Combined Cow and Gate Premium and Osterfeed formulae CHD Coronary heart disease CI Confidence interval CLAMS DQ Clinical Linguistic and Auditory Milestone Scale -- Development Quotient CNPase 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase CNS Central nervous system COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COT Committee on Toxicity CRP C-reactive protein CSFII Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals CSPI Center for Science in the Public Interest CVD Cardiovascular disease DART Diet and Reinfarction Trial; Diet and Angina Randomized Trial DALY Disability adjusted life years DBD Disruptive Behavior Disorders DBP Diastolic blood pressure DDE Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane DDST Denver Developmental Screening Test DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DGA Dietary Guidelines for Americans DGAC Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee DGLA Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid DHA Docosahexaenoic acid DHHS Department of Health and Human Services DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid DPA Docosapentaenoic acid DQ Developmental quotient DRI Dietary Reference Intake
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From page 277... ...
APPENDIX A DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DTA Docosatetraenoic acid ECG Electrocardiogram EFA Essential fatty acids EFSA European Food Safety Authority EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid EPDS Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition ETA Eicosatrienoic acid FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FDA Food and Drug Administration FDCA Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act FFQ Food Frequency Questionnaire FSA Food Standards Agency (UK) FVEP Flash-visual evoked potential GLA Gamma-linolenic acid GRAS Generally recognized as safe GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Hb Hemoglobin HDL-C High-density lipoprotein cholesterol HHS Health and Human Services HIV Human immunodeficiency virus HR Hazard ratio HRA Health risk appraisal HRT Hormone replacement therapy HSCL Hopkins Symptom Checklist HUFA Highly unsaturated fatty acid HVA Homovanillic acid IFN-γ Interferon-gamma IgG Immunoglobin G IgM Immunoglobin M IHC Interactive Health Communication IHD Ischemic heart disease IL Interleukin IMT Intima-media thickness IOM Institute of Medicine
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From page 278... ...
SEAFOOD ChOICES IQ Intelligence quotient IRR Incidence rate ratio ISAAC International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood ISSC Interstate Shellfish Sanitation Conference JECFA Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants K-ABC Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children KPS Knobloch, Passamanik, and Sherrad's Developmental Screening Inventory LA Linoleic acid LCPUFA Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LNA Linolenic acid LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level MCDI MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory MDI Bayley Scales of Infant Development Mental Index MEC Multiethnic Cohort Study MFFT Matching Familiar Figures Test MI Myocardial infarction MPCOMP Mental Processing Composite MPN Most probable number NCP Northern Contaminants Program NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NIH National Institutes of Health NLV Norwalk-like viruses NMFS National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAEL No observed adverse effect level NONVERB Nonverbal abilities NRC National Research Council NYHA New York Heart Association OA Oleic acid OR Odds ratio OVA Ovalbumin PC Phosphatidylcholine PCB Polychlorinated biphenyls
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From page 279... ...
APPENDIX A PCDD Polychlorinated di-benzo-p-dioxin PCDF Polychlorinated di-benzo-p-furan PCR Polymerase chain reaction PDI Psychomotor Developmental Index PE Phosphatidylethanolamine PGF2α Prostaglandin F2α PHP Post-harvest processing PL Phospholipid Ppm Parts per million PT Prothrombin time PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids QALYs Quality Adjusted Life Years RBC Red blood cell RCT Randomized clinical trial or randomized controlled trial RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance RR Relative risk RRR Relative risk reduction RTE Ready-to-eat SACN Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (UK) SBP Systolic blood pressure SCDS Seychelles Child Development Study SCID-CV Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I Disorders -- Clinical Version SE Standard error SEQPROC Sequential processing SIMPROC Simultaneous processing TCDD Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin TDE Tetrachlorodiphenylethane TDI Tolerable Daily Intake TEF Toxicity Equivalency Factor TEQ Toxicity Equivalency TF Total fatty acids TG Triglycerides TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor alpha TOVA Test of Variables of Attention UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme USDA US Department of Agriculture US EPA US Environmental Protection Agency
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0 SEAFOOD ChOICES VEP Visual evoked potential VLDL Very low-density lipoprotein VRM Visual recognition memory WHO World Health Organization WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children Definitions 24-hour recall A method of collecting food consumption data; an interviewer solicits detailed information regarding what a study participant ate and drank in the previous 24 hours or on the previous day Adipose tissue Fat tissue Aflatoxin Any of a group of toxic compounds produced by certain molds that contaminate stored food supplies such as animal feed and peanuts Analysis of variance (ANOVA) To identify sources of variability; to describe the relationship between a continuous dependent variable and one or more nominal independent variables Anglers Those who crab and/or fish Anthropogenic Of human origin Aquaculture Rearing or cultivating marine or freshwater fish or shellfish under controlled conditions for food Arrhythmia An irregular heartbeat Assay The evaluation of a substance for impurities, toxicity, etc.
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From page 281... ...
group without the disease to evaluate whether there is a difference in the frequency of exposure to possible disease risk factors; also termed a retrospective study or case referent study Cerebellum A region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output Chloracne A severe skin condition with acne-like lesions that occur mainly on the face and upper body after exposure to high doses of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds Cholesterol The chief sterol in all animal tissues, especially brain, nerve, adrenal cortex, and liver; it functions as a constituent of bile and as a precursor of vitamin D; cholesterol circulates in the blood as lipoprotein, in combination with protein and other blood lipids Ciguatera A natural toxin occurring sporadically in certain fish harvested from specific tropical to subtropical regions (i.e., South Florida, the Caribbean, and Hawaii) Clostridium botulinum (C.
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From page 282... ...
in the association between an exposure and outcome occurring across different strata of a third variable (e.g., the association between oral contraceptive use and myocardial infarction differs between smokers and nonsmokers) Efficacy measurement endpoint Measure of an intervention's influence on a disease or health condition Epidemiology The study of the distribution and determinants of health related states and events in populations and the control of health problems Erythrocyte A mature red blood cell Essential fatty acids Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must be included in the diet (e.g., ALA)
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From page 283... ...
; applying information collected at different times, it is useful when the risk is not constant with respect to time; the term is typically used in the context of survival over time; if the HR is 0.5, then the relative risk of death for one group is half the risk of death in the other group Health Professionals Follow-up Study A study initiated in 1986 and conducted by researchers at the Harvard School of Public Health; enrolled 51,529 male health professionals (dentists, pharmacists, optometrists, osteopath physicians, podiatrists, and veterinarians) , aged 40–75, to evaluate the relationship between nutritional factors and the incidence of serious illnesses such as cancer, heart disease, and other vascular diseases in men; follow-up questionnaires were mailed out every two years to
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Intrauterine growth retardation A condition resulting in a fetal weight less than the 10th percentile of predicted weight for gestational age Inuit A general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic coasts of Siberia, Alaska, the Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Québec, Labrador, and Greenland Lean meat equivalent Amounts of meat alternatives that count as equivalent to 1 ounce of cooked lean meat, e.g., 1/2 cup of cooked dry beans or peas, 1/2 cup tofu, 2 tablespoons of peanut butter, 1/3 cup of nuts, or 1/4 cup of seeds Leukocyte White blood cell; blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system Linear model Fitting a straight line to the data to help describe a pattern in the data; the term "linear" refers to the fitted straight line, and the term "model" refers to the equation that summarizes the fitted line Lipids Members of a large group of organic compounds insoluble in water and soluble in fat solvents; lipids of nutritional importance include essential fatty acids, triglycerides, and sterols Lipophilic compounds Substances capable of dissolving, of being dissolved in, or of absorbing lipids; lipid soluble
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From page 285... ...
above 0.3 g/L (note reference ranges may vary between laboratories) are associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease Maximum likelihood A popular statistical method used to make inferences about parameters of the underlying probability distribution of a given dataset Mechanistic Of or relating to the philosophy of mechanism, especially tending to explain phenomena only by reference to physical or biological causes Meta-analysis Combined results of several studies that address a set of related research hypotheses Metaphase A stage of mitosis; condensed chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells Methylmercury The form of mercury of greatest concern with regard to seafood consumption; results when mercury from other forms is deposited in bodies of water and biotransformed through the process of methylation by microorganisms; it bioaccumulates through the food chain, and thus its highest concentrations are in large long-lived predatory species Minimal risk level An estimate of the daily human exposure to a hazardous substance that is likely to be without appreciable risk of adverse noncancer health effects over a specified duration of exposure Mitotic Of or relating to mitosis, the process by which a cell separates its duplicated genome into two identical halves Molar A unit of concentration for solutions Molluscan Of or relating to numerous chiefly marine invertebrates, typically having a soft unsegmented body, a mantle, and a protective calcareous shell; includes edible shellfish and snails
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SEAFOOD ChOICES Monte Carlo analysis Randomly generates values for uncertain variables over and over to simulate a model Muktuk The skin and underlying fat (blubber) layer of a whale Multicenter A single study conducted in more than one location Multipliers Quantifies the additional effects of an exposure/intervention beyond those that are immediately attributable to the intervention alone Multivariate analysis A method in which several dependent variables can be considered simultaneously; not to be confused with multivariable analysis that involves several variables, even if only one dependent variable is considered at a time Myocardial infarction Sudden insufficiency of arterial or venous blood supply involving the middle layer of the heart usually as a result of a closed, or closing, coronary artery Myometrium The muscular wall of the uterus MyPyramid Released in 2005 by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)
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From page 287... ...
Omega-6 fatty acids (n-6 fatty acids) Polyunsaturated fatty acids found in animal and vegetable sources of fat; characterized by the presence of a double bond 6 carbons from the methyl end in the carbon chain; includes linoleic acid (LA)
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Rate of the outcome of interest in a population compared with the rate in the reference population Risk assessment An organized process used to describe and estimate the likelihood of adverse health outcomes from environmental exposures to chemicals; the four steps are hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization Salmonella spp. A genus of bacteria including several pathogenic species that have been associated with risk from contaminated foods, including seafoods Saturated fat Fatty acids with no double bonds; fats that are solid enough to hold their shape at room temperature (about 70°F)
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Algae, fungi, bacteria, insects, and some vertebrates possess the array of enzymes needed for de novo synthesis of these fatty acids (Gill and Valivety, 1997a)
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Organisms low on the food chain consume the algal and microbial sources of EPA and DHA, which become concentrated in the lipid stores of those species higher up in the food chain. Deriation of the Omega- Fatty Acids Omega-3 fatty acids are long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are characterized by the presence of a double bond at the omega position (3 carbon atoms from the methyl end)
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FIGURE A-1 Biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids. NOTES: LA = Linoleic acid; AA = Arachidonic acid; ALA = Alpha-linolenic acid; EPA = Eicosapentaenoic acid; DPA = Docosapentaenoic acid; DHA = Docosahexaenoic acid.
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From page 292... ...
Deficiency symptoms include red blood cell hemolysis, cardiomyopathy, growth retardation, cataract formation, abnormal placenta retention, lack of spermatogenesis, and skeletal muscle degeneration. There is a decline of selenoproteins, particularly glutathione peroxidase activity.
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APPENDIX A TABLE A-1 Selenoproteins and Biological Functions Selenoproteins Function Cytosolic glutathione Major form of selenium, protects against hydroperoxides peroxidase, GPX1 Phospholipid hydroperoxide Lipophilic, works within membranes to destroy peroxides glutathione peroxidase, GPX4 Gastrointestinal glutathione Protect intestine against external peroxides peroxidase, GPX2 Extracellular glutathione Secreted GPX, major form of selenium in milk peroxidase, plasma GPX, GPX3 Selenoprotein W, SELW Small 9.8 kDa selenoprotein found in muscle, postulated to have antioxidant function Selenoprotein P, SELP Major plasma selenoprotein, postulated to protect the cardiovascular system against oxidant damage Thioredoxin reductase, Reduce small intracellular molecules, regulate intracellular TRRs redox state, and may have important roles in antioxidant defense Iodothyronine deiodinase Activation and metabolism of thyroid hormone Sperm capsule selenoprotein SOURCE: Derived from Sunde, 2001. usually in the intestinal or erythrocyte cells.
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1997. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, part 1: Occurrence, biological activities and applications.
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: Two distinct pathways. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 68:181–186.
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