Dietary Reference Intakes Research Synthesis Workshop Summary (2007) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix C. List of Research Recommendations from DRI Reports
Appendix C. List of Research Recommendations from DRI Reports
Pages 205-264
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 205... ...
dietary Major Knowledge calcium intake on prostate cancer is urgently needed in order to optimize calcium recommendations. 4 A.I.05 Epidemiological research that evaluates the impact of habitual (lifetime)
|
From page 206... ...
, bone mineral density, and osteoporosis within and between population groups requires further elucidation in order to de termine if VDR polymorphisms are a variable influencing life-long calcium intake needs. 9 A.I.10 For children ages 1 through 18 years, research is needed to evaluate the dietary Major Knowledge intakes of the dietary intakes of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D required to optimize bone mineral accretion, especially in relation to changing age ranges for the onset of puberty and growth spurts.
|
From page 207... ...
18 A.III.01 The model that relates absorbed phosphorus intake to serum phosphorus must be Major Knowledge evaluated in clinical studies using oral phosphorus intakes, and investigated in chil dren and adolescents as well as adults. 19 A.III.02 Bone mineral mass as a function of dietary phosphorus intake should be investi- Knowledge Gaps gated at all stages of the life cycle.
|
From page 208... ...
1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vi tamin D, and Fluoride.
|
From page 209... ...
32 A.V.04 It is very difficult to determine the reference values for vitamin D in healthy young Knowledge Gaps adults aged 18 through 30 and 31 through 50 years in the absence of sunlight expo sure because of their typically high involvement in outdoor activity and the unex plored contribution of sunlight to vitamin D stores. More studies are needed that evaluate various doses of vitamin D in young and middle-aged adults in the absence of sunlight exposure.
|
From page 210... ...
Null 39.2 B.I.02.b See Recommendation ID Code B.I.02. Null 40 B.I.03 To fill information gaps, studies designed to generate usable data on the micronutri- Major Knowledge ent needs of infants, children, adolescents, the elderly, and pregnant and lactating women should be conducted.
|
From page 211... ...
Null 43.3 B.I.06.c See Recommendation ID Code B.I.06. Null 44 B.I.08 Conduct studies to provide the basic data for constructing risk curves and benefit Major Knowledge curves across the exposures to food folate and to folate (folic acid)
|
From page 212... ...
53 B.II.02 If studies are designed to test high doses of thiamin for possible beneficial effects, Research Method the design should also provide for the careful investigation of possible adverse ef fects. 54 B.III.01 Priority should be given to studies useful for setting Estimated Average Require- Major Knowledge ments (EARs)
|
From page 213... ...
, but further work is needed in clinical populations. 60 B.V.01 Priority should be given to studies useful for setting Estimated Average Require- Major Knowledge ments (EARs)
|
From page 214... ...
Further investigation Major Knowledge is needed on the effect of increasing folate intake from supplements and fortified foods on the onset and progression of vitamin B12 deficiency. 65 B.VI.05 Determine the mechanisms by which maternal folate sufficiency reduces the occur- Knowledge Gaps rence of neural tube defect (NTD)
|
From page 215... ...
72 B.VII.05 Investigate the contribution of bacterial overgrowth to elevated serum methylmalo- Knowledge Gaps nic acid, to determine the variability of this indicator of vitamin B12 status. 73 B.VIII.01 To fill information gaps, further investigations about pantothenic acid as a nutrient Major Knowledge are needed.
|
From page 216... ...
Null 81 B.X.04 Data on the composition of human food are needed for choline, phosphocholine, Research Method glycerophosphocholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, and betaine and the analytic sensitivity and specificity of methods for analysis of food composition need to be validated. 82 B.X.05 Human studies on interrelationships among requirements for choline, methionine, Major Knowledge folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 to compare the homocysteine-lowering effects of combinations of these nutrients are needed.
|
From page 217... ...
Null 85.2 B.XI.04.b See Recommendation ID Code B.XI.04. Null 86 B.XI.05 For many of the B vitamins, further investigation should be conducted on the rela- Major Knowledge tionship of existing status indicators to clinical end points to allow their use for setting Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)
|
From page 218... ...
Null 89.4 B.XI.08.d See Recommendation ID Code B.XI.08. Null 90 B.XI.10 For some of the B vitamins, studies should examine whether the requirement varies Major Knowledge substantially by trimester of pregnancy.
|
From page 219... ...
93 B.XI.21 To fill major knowledge gaps, compare the bioavailability of food folate from Major Knowledge mixed diets and of folate in the form of folic acid (from supplements or fortifica tion) consumed with food.
|
From page 220... ...
100.1 C.I.09.a See Recommendation ID Code C.I.09. Null 101 C.I.10 Conduct studies to validate methods and possible models for estimating Dietary Major Knowledge Reference Intakes (DRIs)
|
From page 221... ...
104 C.I.13 Conduct investigations of the magnitude and role of genetic polymorphisms in the Major Knowledge mechanisms of actions of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and beta-carotene and other carotenoids. 105 C.II.01 Knowledge of vitamin C intakes needed to fulfill specific functional roles of ascor- Major Knowledge bate is needed to allow more accurate and precise determinations of the individual and average population requirements of vitamin C
|
From page 222... ...
114 C.III.01 Biomarkers are needed for use in assessment of vitamin E intake and vitamin E Major Knowledge status. What are the determinants of plasma concentrations of alpha-tocopherol, and are these concentrations regulated?
|
From page 223... ...
119.2 C.III.06.b Additional clinical trials are needed to test directly whether or not supplementation Knowledge Gaps with vitamin E can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. A number of trials are in progress evaluating vitamin E effects in well over 100,000 individuals.
|
From page 224... ...
125 C.IV.02 Since the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for selenium for children Major Knowledge ages 1 through 18 years are extrapolated from the adult RDAs, it is critically impor tant to conduct large-scale studies with children using state-of-the-art biomarkers to assess their selenium requirements.
|
From page 225... ...
131 C.V.03 Studies are needed on the effects of long-term depletion of beta-carotene and sub- Knowledge Gaps sequent repletion, with an evaluation of validated intermediate end points. 132 C.V.04 Significantly more research is needed on health effects of dietary carotenoids other Major Knowledge than beta-carotene.
|
From page 226... ...
137 C.V.09 Efforts should be directed toward evaluating equivalency and demonstrating effi- Major Knowledge cacy of carotenoids in foods to meet vitamin A needs in vitamin A-deficient popula tions, in order to develop sustainable strategies to eradicate this worldwide public health problem. 137.1 C.V.09.a See Recommendation ID Code C.V.09.
|
From page 227... ...
140 C.VI.07 For some nutrients, either new clinical end points or intermediate end points of Major Knowledge impaired function have to be identified and related to status indicators. 141 C.VI.08 For vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids, either new clinical end points Major Knowledge or intermediate end points of impaired function have to be identified and related to status indicators 142 C.VI.09 The depletion–repletion research paradigms that are often used in studies of re- Research Method quirements, although not ideal, are still probably the best approach to determining nutrient requirements.
|
From page 228... ...
Compare the Major Knowledge biological potencies of the various forms of vitamin E in food; these investigations should include mixed diets (that is, diets containing both plant-derived and animal derived foods)
|
From page 229... ...
See C.VI.30a, C.VI.30b, C.VI.30c, C.VI.30d, and C.VI.30e. 154.1 C.VI.30.a Additional randomized clinical trials are needed to test whether or not supplementa- Major Knowledge tion with vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and/or beta-carotene and other carote noids can reduce the risk of chronic disease.
|
From page 230... ...
. 154.5 C.VI.30.e Additional randomized clinical trials are needed to test whether or not supplementa- Major Knowledge tion with vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and/or beta-carotene and other carote noids can reduce the risk of chronic disease.
|
From page 231... ...
bioavailability and therefore dietary re quirement. 162 D.I.08 Conduct studies to further investigate the roles of arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, and Major Knowledge vanadium in human health.
|
From page 232... ...
to Knowledge Gaps dietary vitamin A intake. 169 D.II.06 Investigate effects of pregnancy and lactation on maternal vitamin A turnover.
|
From page 233... ...
Knowledge Gaps 181 D.IV.07 Any research using supplementation with large-doses of chromium should be de- Research Method signed as controlled studies to assess both potential beneficial and potential adverse effects of large-dose supplementation of chromium. 182 D.V.01 Investigate the specific health risks associated with marginal copper deficiency.
|
From page 234... ...
Knowledge Gaps 203 D.VIII.02 Conduct investigations to analyze the effects of graded levels of dietary manganese Knowledge Gaps intake on leukocyte superoxide dismutase activity or another appropriate functional indicator to provide an appropriate basis for setting an Estimated Average Require ment (EAR)
|
From page 235... ...
235 222 D.XIII.01 Conduct investigations to identify and clearly characterize a biochemical function Major Knowledge
|
From page 236... ...
Knowledge Gaps 229 D.XV.01 Conduct investigations to determine the biochemical role of vanadium in both Major Knowledge higher animals and humans. 229.1 D.XV.01.a See Recommendation ID Code D.XV.01.
|
From page 237... ...
. 238 D.XVI.13 More information is needed on the vitamin A activity of carotenoids from plant- Major Knowledge derived foods and mixed meals, including meat.
|
From page 238... ...
With such data, more information can be obtained about the relative contribution of dietary provitamin A carotenoids and dietary preformed vitamin A to vitamin A nutrition. 239 D.XVI.15 There is increasing evidence to suggest that the interaction between micronutrients Major Knowledge [list reviewed includes vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc]
|
From page 239... ...
249 D.XVI.25 When sufficient information was available, Estimated Average Requirements Major Knowledge (EARs) were based on functional indicators.
|
From page 240... ...
253 E.I.02 To fill information gaps, studies designed to generate data on the needs of macronu- Major Knowledge trients of infants, children, adolescents, the elderly, and pregnant and lactating women should be conducted. 254 E.I.03 To fill information gaps, multidose, long-term studies to determine the role of spe- Major Knowledge cific macronutrients in reducing the risk of certain chronic diseases should be con ducted.
|
From page 241... ...
Null 259 E.I.08 Conduct investigations to gather information on the form, frequency, intensity, and Major Knowledge duration of exercise and physical activity that is successful in managing body weight in both children and adults. 260 E.I.09 Conduct long-term studies on the role of glycemic response in preventing chronic Major Knowledge diseases, such as diabetes and coronary heart disease, in healthy individuals.
|
From page 242... ...
277 E.III.04 Conduct research to determine the effect of low glycemic index foods and low gly- Knowledge Gaps cemic-load diets on serum lipids and other risk factors for chronic disease and com plications, especially in high-risk groups. 278 E.IV.02 Evaluate the protective effect of fiber against colon cancer in subsets of the popula- Major Knowledge tion by applying genotyping and phenotyping to those participating in fiber and colon cancer trials.
|
From page 243... ...
283 E.IV.07 Conduct long-term studies on the effects of both viscous and whole-grain cereal Major Knowledge fibers on coronary heart disease and diabetes risk factors studies. 284 E.V.01 Conduct studies that examine the effects of alterations in the level of total fat in the Knowledge Gaps context of a low saturated fatty acid diet on blood lipid concentrations and glucose– insulin homeostasis in individuals with defined metabolic syndromes, such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
|
From page 244... ...
297 E.V.14 Conduct randomized clinical trials of EPA+DHA, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) , and Knowledge Gaps DHA (docosahexaenoic acid)
|
From page 245... ...
306 E.VI.03 Delineate specific genetic variants that contribute to wide interindividual variation Major Knowledge in LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol.
|
From page 246... ...
Major Knowledge Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) could not be established for any of the amino acids (some of which are known to result in toxic effects at high doses)
|
From page 247... ...
Knowledge Gaps 325 E.X.03 To fill information gaps related to some of the macronutrients, investigations should Major Knowledge be conducted on the biochemical values that reflect abnormal function. 326 E.X.04 For n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, investigations should be conducted on Major Knowledge the biochemical values that reflect abnormal function.
|
From page 248... ...
To resolve whether or not fiber is protective against colon cancer in individuals or a subset of individuals, genotyping and phenotyping of individuals in fiber/colon cancer trials is needed. 342 E.X.24 Long-term clinical trials are needed to further understand the role of glycemic index Major Knowledge in the prevention of chronic disease.
|
From page 249... ...
349 F.I.03 To fill information gaps, multidose trials to determine the effects of electrolyte and Major Knowledge water intake on chronic diseases should be conducted. 350 F.I.04 There is a critical need for research on public health strategies that effectively re- Major Knowledge duce sodium intake and increase potassium intake in the general population.
|
From page 250... ...
359 F.II.09 Investigate the influence of hydration status on morbidity-associated fever and in- Knowledge Gaps fection outcome. 360 F.II.10 Investigate the effects of hydration status and fluid intake on the occurrence of uri- Major Knowledge nary tract infections.
|
From page 251... ...
377 F.IV.03 Conduct research to develop reduced sodium food products that maintain flavor, Knowledge Gaps texture, consumer acceptability, and low cost. 378 F.IV.06 Develop effective public health strategies to achieve and sustain reduced sodium Major Knowledge 251 intakes and increased potassium intakes in the general population, including behav
|
From page 252... ...
Null 382 F.IV.10 Assess the genetic and dietary factors that affect salt sensitivity. Knowledge Gaps 383 F.IV.11 Increased renin activity is a potential biochemical indicator of inadequate sodium Major Knowledge intake.
|
From page 253... ...
389 F.IV.17 Investigate the influence of sodium intake during infancy and childhood on blood Major Knowledge pressure later in life. 389.1 F.IV.17.a See Recommendation ID Code F.IV.17.
|
From page 254... ...
Knowledge Gaps 403 F.V.11 Conduct analytical studies to determine sulfate, as well as total sulfur content, of Knowledge Gaps foods. 404 F.VI.12 For water, plasma or serum osmolality is an acceptable indicator of hydration Major Knowledge status; however, trials that rigorously control and test different levels of total water intake, rather than allowing ad libitum intakes, have not been performed.
|
From page 255... ...
Hence, practical tools to estimate sodium in take are needed. 412 F.VI.22 There is some evidence that increased dietary sodium intake and inadequate potas- Major Knowledge sium intake increase urinary calcium excretion and affect calcium balance; to fill in knowledge gaps, additional investigations of effects of sodium and potassium intake on subclinical and clinical outcomes, such as bone mineral density and osteoporo sis, are needed.
|
From page 256... ...
414.1 F.VI.33.a See Recommendation ID Code F.VI.33. Null 415 F.VI.34 Conduct studies on the adverse effects of chronic, low-grade metabolic acidosis that Major Knowledge results from an inadequate intake of potassium and its bicarbonate precursors.
|
From page 257... ...
Null 420.2 G.I.07.b See Recommendation ID Code G.I.07. Null 421 G.I.08 Research should be undertaken to generate information on ways to identify and Major Knowledge conceptualize the risk of exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
|
From page 258... ...
Null 426.2 G.I.14.b See Recommendation ID Code G.I.14. Null 427 G.I.15 Food composition databases need to be updated to include the forms and units that Research Method are specified by the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
|
From page 259... ...
for nutrients such as niacin. 436 G.II.21 Modify food composition databases to change the units of measurement to those Research Method specified by the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
|
From page 260... ...
443 G.II.35 Conduct research in how to estimate differences in the prevalence of inadequacy Knowledge Gaps between subgroups, after controlling for other factors that also affect nutrient in take. For example, a possible approach to addressing this issue based on multiple regression analysis has been described [see IOM, 2000, Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment, Chapter 7]
|
From page 261... ...
450 H.I.06 Develop and evaluate dietary planning strategies for heterogeneous groups, includ- Major Knowledge ing a nutrient-density approach to dietary planning. Research is needed to determine the practical usefulness of planning for a target nutrient density, determine if the applicability of the nutrient density approach is limited to situations with predeter mined food allocations or restricted food choices (e.g., emergency relief rations)
|
From page 262... ...
Null 454 H.I.13 Assess application of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for food and supplement Major Knowledge labeling.
|
From page 263... ...
Null 457 H.II.08 For situations in which nutrient density approaches are deemed useful, further de- Knowledge Gaps velopment of data and methods is needed to estimate the median and distribution associated with nutrient requirements when expressed as a proportion of energy, either by statistical derivation from the present Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) , or as a goal for future revisions of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.