A Review of United States Air Force and Department of Defense Aerospace Propulsion Needs (2006) / Chapter Skim
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3 Air-Breathing Propulsion
3 Air-Breathing Propulsion
Pages 78-107
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From page 78... ...
ratio, fuel consumption, life-cycle cost, and durability. Continued improvement of these metrics will allow the United States to maintain its technical superiority in GTEs and will provide an opportunity to reduce the cost of maintaining, supporting, and fueling currently fielded engines.
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, and the manufacturing technology (ManTech) program and takes into account the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's)
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Recommendation 3-1. To accelerate the development of new engine technologies, DoD and the Air Force should increase funding for Air Force gas turbine S&T funding significantly, from approximately $100 million annually to a level that reflects the buying power that prevailed when the F-15 and F-16 engines were being developed.
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From page 81... ...
At that time, the technology advantage could be characterized as being 20 years ahead of the rest of the world. Current gas turbine DoD S&T funding has been greatly reduced relative to the 1990s level, and if it is not increased the United States probably will lose its gas turbine technical advantage, as happened in civil aviation as well.
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82 A REVIEW OF AEROSPACE PROPULSION NEEDS FIGURE 3-3 The F135-PW-600 STOVL propulsion system for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter.
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AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION 83 Figure 3-4 demonstrates the technology improvement path for GTEs that power subsonic aircraft. The potential increase in core thermal efficiency requires technologies that raise the limit for compressor discharge temperature barrier.
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Recommendation 3-2. The Air Force and DoD should execute a total system engineering process starting with a preliminary design to establish project feasibility when undertaking any new propulsion development program.
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AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION 85 TABLE 3-1 Goals and Results of IHPTET at Program Conclusion Turbofan/Turbojet Goals Metric Phase I Phase II Phase III Resultsa Thrust/weight ratio +30% +60% +100% +70% Combustor inlet temperature +100°F +200°F +400°F +60°F Production costs N/A -20% -35% -32% Maintenance costs N/A -20% -35% -31% aAt TRL 6. VAATE Program Building on the success and lessons of IHPTET, VAATE is addressing not only classic turbine engine component improvements but also the changing requirements of propulsion systems -- specifically, higher altitude, higher Mach, and long-endurance applications.3 The VAATE program addresses all military and commercial aviation engine types, including turbofan and turbojet engines, turboshaft and turboprop engines, engines for unmanned air vehicles, and expendable missile engines.
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From page 86... ...
advanced development program, a joint Army, Navy, and Air Force effort managed by the Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate. Demonstration of advanced VAATE technology is accomplished in 50- to 100-hr core and engine tests, leading to TRLs of 6 to prove out transition capability.
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, and high-speed endurance. In addition, it might provide the Air Force with truly transformational capabilities, which would affordably maintain U.S.
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88 A REVIEW OF AEROSPACE PROPULSION NEEDS 2 Adaptive Flow Engine 1 HiSTED 3 Compact Efficient Direct (High Speed Turbine Lift Engine Concept Engine Demo) Supporting Capabilities: · Global Responsive Strike · Global Persistent Attack Supporting Capabilities: · Tactical & Global Mobility · Responsive Space Access · Persistent ISR Supporting Capabilities: · Global Responsive Strike · Tactical & Global Mobility · Global Persistent Attack · Persistent ISR Extremely Efficient 4 Pulse Detonation Foundational Turbine Engine Hybrid Turbine Engines Supporting Capabilities: · Global Responsive Strike · Global Persistent Attack · Tactical & Global Mobility · Persistent ISR Supporting Capabilities: · Global Responsive Strike · Global Persistent Attack · Persistent ISR FIGURE 3-7 Turbine engine game-changing transformational concepts.
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From page 89... ...
required for these technologies to reach TRL 6 and the amounts planned for Air Force turbine engine S&T for the 5-year defense plan. This bow wave of shortfalls will cascade into the future, eroding the U.S.
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90 A REVIEW OF AEROSPACE PROPULSION NEEDS Component Improvement Programs All of the military services are faced with huge and growing sustainment costs for the current fleet of aircraft. Over 60 percent of the expected 2020 warfighter's fleet of aircraft are in existence or under development today.
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FI RE 3-9 History of derivative engines. SO RCE Personal communication between Mark Amos, Agile Combat Support Wing, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, and National Research Council staff member Carter Ford on uly 7, 2006.
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92 A REVIEW OF AEROSPACE PROPULSION NEEDS core design has been a very cost-effective derivative engine that is providing power for a large range of aircraft. DoD's new capability assessment process specifies weapon system requirements using the initial capability document and analysis of alternatives.
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A modern 3,000-SHP class turboshaft engine would be applicable to the Air Force's planned personnel recovery vehicle (PRV) system, the Army's Apache AH-64 Block III and Blackhawk UH-60M helicopters, the Navy's SH-60 Sea Hawk, and the Marine Corps's UH-1Y and AH1Z vehicles (specifications for the Apache and the Black Hawk are shown in Figure 3-10)
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94 A REVIEW OF AEROSPACE PROPULSION NEEDS requirements of attack, reconnaissance, utility, and medium-cargo missions. All of these aviation systems will incorporate engines that will be 50 to 60 years old in 2020 unless proactive steps are taken today.
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AIR-BREATHING PROPULSION 95 Another example of a derivative turboshaft engine under development is the GE CT7-8C, currently in test development. This series, intended for use in the S-92, US101, and MH-60 helicopters, is an example of growth through technology infusion.
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96 A REVIEW OF AEROSPACE PROPULSION NEEDS continuing into 2007. Industry and the government are also planning for the AATE program, funding for which is expected to start in 2008.
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and in-space propulsion. These frontier concepts are described in the NRC report Materials Research to Meet 21st Century Defense Needs: "In this case, the most important contribution of the panel may have been to
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From page 98... ...
, sponsored by the Air Force and DARPA, and HyFly, sponsored by the Navy and DARPA.8 The near-term application of the Air Force scramjet is a long-range hypersonic cruise missile, while the far-term one is a strike-and-reconnaissance Mach 8 aircraft and affordable, on-demand access to space with aircraft-like operations. The objective of the Navy scramjet program is to demonstrate the hypersonic propulsion and vehicle characteristics of a solid 8For additional information on the HyTech program, see http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/hytech.htm.
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program is sponsored by the Air Force and DARPA (DARPA, 2004)
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These sounding-rocket-class launches not only demonstrated scramjets they also paved the way to low-cost flight testing of hypersonic systems.9 Finding 3-8. Consistent with the National Aerospace Initiative (NAI)
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The Air Force and Navy have promoted visions of the all-electric aircraft and the all-electric ship" (NRC, 2003, p.
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Coordinating DoD's electric aerospace propulsion work with other domestic efforts might allow DoD to make advances in those areas that would be enabling for its missions. Overall, electric propulsion is at a stage of development similar to that of GTEs in the late 1930s.
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From page 103... ...
The objective of NASA's joint research with the Air Force is to demonstrate metallized gelled fuel ignition characteristics for PDEs with JP/Al fuel. For the future warfighter needs, HEDM offer much higher energy density than the propellants currently used for missiles, rockets, and scramjet propulsion.
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104 A REVIEW OF AEROSPACE PROPULSION NEEDS Box 3-2 AFRL Polynitrogen Research AFRL scientists confirmed the identity of the new N5 species by comparing its measured infrared, + Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra with those predicted by calculations. They subsequently determined the crystal structure of N5 Sb2F11 ,- which proved definitively that N5 has the structure + + predicted by the calculations.
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May. Available online at http://www.dtic.mil/jointvision/jv2020.doc.
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1998. Review and Evaluation of the Air Force Hypersonic Technology Program.
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From page 107... ...
2006. "Department of Defense propulsion science and technology," Presentation to the committee on May 24, 2006.
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