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From page 345... ... sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii Alternative splicing, 70, 71, 94 Artificial life models. See Avida populations Altitude. Read the entire page →
From page 346... ... , 259, 260 pathogenic, 168, 170 β-tubulins, 50 phototrophic, 171 Bicyclus anynana, 191 resistance to antibiotics, 15-16 Biocomplexity. See also Avida populations; symbiotic associations, 167, 170-171, eusocial insect colonies; 172, 174-179 Multicellular organisms toxins, 167 artificial, 26 type-iii secretory systems, 167 behavioral, 28 Bacteriocytes, 174 competitive, 32 Bacteriomes, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179 conserved core processes, 54-55 Bacteriophages, 170, 179 of cross-purpose, 147 Baldwin effect, 57, 58 developmental constraints, 65 Bananas, 206, 211, 212 dimensionality, 28 Barley, 206, 209, 212, 213, 214 diversity, 27-28 Bat wing evolution, 55-56, 73-74, 75 hierarchical levels, 105-107 Baumania cicadellinicola, 175, 176, 177 information content–function Beall, Cynthia M., 184, 239-255 relationship, 27 Beavis effect, 211 measuring, 150-151 Bees, 50, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 157, modeling emergent events, 26, 42-43 159-160, 161, 162, 172 natural selection and, 16-17, 54, 55, 68, Beetle horn diversification 69, 73, 85, 93, 95-96 allometry, 257, 258, 262, 271, 272, 275, nonadaptive forces, 90-95 277-279, 281 origins and evolution of, xvii, 42, 83, 84, axis of outgrowth, 265-270, 275-276, 280 93-95, 103 comparative studies, 277 of purpose, 147 developmental model, 258, 275-280 Read the entire page →
From page 347... ... , 49, 61, evolutionary significance, 111 62, 73-74 and fitness penalties, 118-120 Bovine rhodopsin, 199-200, 200, 204 functional conservation of, 111, 115 Bowtie effect, 60 modularity, 110, 111 Bradley, Walter, 298 and novelty, 114-117, 120 Bricolage, 68, 69, 70, 73. See also transcription factor interactions with, evolutionary tinkering 120-122 Bridgewater Treatises, 9-10 Climate change, 226 Briscoe, Adriana D., 187-204 Coadaptation, 166, 171, 179, 180 Britten, roy h., 23, 66 Cockroaches, 174 Bryan, William Jennings, 286 Coevolution Buchner, Paul, 173-174, 176 regulatory changes and, 46, 52, 53, 54, Buchnera, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180 56, 61, 62 Buell, Jon, 297, 298 symbiotic associations, 169, 170-171 Busk, George, 12 Colobopsis ants, 150 Butterflies. Read the entire page →
From page 348... ... See also 111, 115 Drosophila regulatory compartmentation and, 49, Discovery institute, 288, 303 51, 59-60, 63, 122 Divergence. See also Morphological robustness, 51, 54, 55-56, 60, 61, 62, 63 evolution state selection, 52-53, 60 acquisition of foreign genes and, 168 weak regulatory linkages and, 51-54, 60, beetle horns, 257, 262, 279 63 functional, 199 Convergent evolution, 79, 187, 189, 190, of Galapagos finches, 46, 63, 73 194, 195, 196-198, 199 obligate nutritional symbionts of Copernican revolution, xvii, 3, 4-5 insects, 177, 178 Copernicus, nicolaus, xvii, 4 rate of, 262 Creation myths, 68 regulatory elements and, 110, 111, 112, Creation science movement, 285, 287, 288, 114, 116, 124, 125, 127, 135, 136 293-302 silent-site level of, 91 Cretaceous, 154 of sticklebacks, 61, 73, 74-76, 119 Cuerna sayi, 175 tradeoffs and, 234 Cuevas, Cristina i., 187-204 tryptophan pathways, 167 Cyanobacteria, 170 DnA sequences Cytoplasmic P bodies, 94 changes in, see Genetic variation noncoding, 111 nonfunctional intergenic, 90, 172 D nontranscribed, 47 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, xviii Dalrymple, G Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... See Public school evolution kinship ties, 106, 145, 147-148, 153-154, education 157, 161 embryonic development life insurers, 145, 155, 157, 159 cell differentiation, 58 mobility, 150, 151 compartmentation, 59, 60 multicellular organism compared, and facilitated variation, 62 149-152 forelimb development, 73 origins of sociality, 154 phylotypic stage, 59-60 parental care, 155 placenta and, 16-17 queenless, 157, 161 embryonic induction, 53 queens, 145, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 157, emlen, Douglas J., 185, 257-281 158, 159-161, 162 enhancer binding proteins, 53 reproductive altruism, 106, 148, 154, environmentally induced change. See 155, 157 also high-altitude adaptation; sex ratio conflict, 154, 158, 159, 163 Temperature adaptation success of, 152-153 persistence of traits, 57; see also superorganism view of, 147, 149-152, heritibility; natural selection 153, 158, 159 sex differentiation, 54 worker reproduction and policing, 161epistasis, 87, 95-100. Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... , 14, 17; see fruit fly, 70 also Beetle horn diversification image-resolving, 188 education, see Public school evolution molluscan, 17-18, 183, 188 education rhabdom structure, 191, 201 genetic variation and, 47, 54, 86, 118, 258 stepwise evolution, 16, 17-18, 70, 132, 183 geographic evidence, 11 gradualness, 54, 75 F interval vs. external forces, 88-89 lamarckism, 56-5763 Facilitated variation, theory of metaphors, 67-69 compartmentation, 59-60 microevolutionary scale, 24, 65, 76-80, conserved core processes and, 45-46, 85, 86, 123, 294-295 48-56 misconceptions about, 84, 85-86 and evolution, 62-63 Modern synthesis, 57, 86 experimental evidence, 60-62 molecular reconstruction of, 17, 85, 176 exploratory processes, 54-55 morphological changes, see favorable sources and paths, 56-59 Morphological evolution steps, 47-48 mutations and, 15, 54, 83, 85, 87, 88-89, weak regulatory linkages and, 48, 51-54 90-92 Falciprum malaria, 254 natural selection and, 14-15, 84, 85, 87, Finches, beak morphology, 46, 61-62, 73, 92, 93, 95, 118 74, 75 network perspective, 66, 67-69 Fish. Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... See also Mutations in adaptive traits, 215, 218, 234, 255 cis-regulatory changes, 47 G and complex morphological changes, 123-126, 258 Gain of function, 77-78, 90, 114 and evolution, 47, 54, 86, 118, 258 Galileo, xvii, 4 and gene regulation, 47 Gammaproteobacteria, 168, 175, 176 lethality, 48, 56, 61 Gaut, Brandon s., 184, 205-223 nonadaptive mechanisms in, 86, 90, 101 Genes and phenotypic variation, 45, 46-47, 56, cooption/recruitment, 69-70, 71, 75, 105, 58, 59, 60-61, 205-223 115, 116, 122, 123, 129, 134, 135, 136, in protein regulatory regions, 48 142, 189 sources, 15, 47 duplication, 82, 86, 94, 96-97, 98, 99, 111, at transcription sites, 47-48 124, 126, 168, 172, 189, 190, 193, 201 Genome analysis, xvi interactions, 24, 87; see also Genetic artificial life, see Avida populations networks bacteria, 50, 170 loss, 50, 165, 166, 167, 169, 172 comparative sequencing, 50, 166, 169, subfunctionalization, 92, 94, 97, 98, 100, 176-177 123 Genomes regulation, 24; see also Genetic networks evolution of, 90-92 transfer, see horizontal gene transfer mobile elements, 88, 90, 92, 94, 102 Genetic assimilation, 57-58 plasticity, 179-180 Genetic drift, 24, 79, 83, 85, 86-87, 89, 90, 91, Genomic imprinting, 148 96, 99, 103, 127, 194, 214 Gerhart, John, 24, 45-63, 81, 84 Genetic networks, 24 Gish, Duane, 295 analysis, 67 God, xv, 6-7, 9-10, 293, 294, 301 complex morphological traits, 65, 268 Gompel, nicolas, 105, 109-127 conceptual framework, 66, 57-59 Gonium pectoral, 131, 132 Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... 2 / Index Gould, stephen Jay, 296 hypoxic ventilator response, 243, 245, Graphocephala atropunctata, 177 251, 252-253 Gray, Asa, 12 mitochondrial volume, 241-242, 249, Griffin, Patrick l., 23, 25-43 250, 252-253, 254 myoglobin gene, 254 nitric oxide synthesis, 248, 250, 252-253, H 254 offspring survival, 239, 248, 254 hamilton, W D., 153-154 oxygen diffusion rates, 241, 246-250, 254 Hamiltonella defensa, 179 oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin, haplodiploid hypothesis, 106, 154-155 249 haplotype blocks, 212 points of, 242-250 hapMap project, 223 pulmonary hypertension, 248, 250, 252hazen, robert M., 23, 25-43 253, 254 Hedgehog gene, 268, 277 quantitative genetic approach, 239, 250Heliconius erato, 191 251, 252-253 Heliconius sara, 197 Tibetan-Andean population differences, hemoglobin, 240, 244-246, 250, 252-253 184, 240-241, 244-255 heritability uteroplacental oxygen delivery, 248 of adaptations, 57 ventilation, 243-244, 245, 251, 252-253 defined, 100 high-throughput analysis, 220 of fitness-related traits, 130, 133-134 histidine, 177 genetic variance and, 101 hitchhiking effect, 88, 222 of high-altitude adaptation, 239-340, Homalodisca coagulata, 176 250-255 Homo sapiens, 19 of phenotypic variations, 46, 57, 60-61 homology modeling, 188, 199-201, 204 of regulatory change, 45, 53 honey bees, 50, 146, 148, 149, 152, 159-159, of symbiotic associations, 106, 165, 169, 162, 172 179-180 honeypot ants, 150 herschel, John, 11 hooker, Joseph, 11 high-altitude adaptation horizontal gene transfer arterial oxygen, 246, 247, 250, 252-253 in bacteria, 167, 168, 170-171, 172, 179 basal metabolic rate, 242, 243 barriers to, 168, 170-171, 172 blood flow rates, 246-250, 254 in eukaryotes, 165, 166, 168, 172-173 blood oxygen levels, 241, 244-246, 250, evolutionary motivation, 166-167 251, 254 and fitness, 170 candidate gene approach, 239, 254-255 and novelty, 106, 166, 168 capillary density, 249, 250, 252-253 in plants, 168 Darwinian fitness coefficient, 254 in prokaryotes, 106, 165, 167-168, 170 effect size, 250 rates, 168 energy production, 242-243 symbiotic associations and, 166, 169, erythropoietin concentrations, 246, 170-171, 172-173, 178-179 252-253 vectors, 170 evolutionary tinkering, 239 hox genes, 60 genetic admixture analysis, 239, 251 hox proteins, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125 h1F1 transcription factor, 254-255 human genome, 172 hemoglobin concentration, 246, 252-253 humans hemoglobin oxygen saturation, 240, color vision, 200-201 244-246, 250, 252-253 oxygen transport cascade, 241-242 heritability, 239-340, 250-255 selection testing, 217-218 hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, hume, David, xv-xvi 247-248 hymenoptera, 154, 155 Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... See also Beetle horn diversification; Color vision in butterflies; Drosophila K apoptosis in, 279 colonies. See eusocial insect colonies Kansas Board of education, 296 compartmentation, 59 Kauffman, s., 66, 77, 103 eye, 189 Kenyon, Dean, 298-299 fat bodies, 272 Kepler, Johann, xvii, 4 fossil record, 153, 174, 176 Kin selection limb and appendage development, 60, in behavioral evolution, 101 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, in eusocial insect colonies, 106, 145, 147 277, 278, 279 148, 155-158, 159, 162, 163 symbiotic associations, 165, 173-178 and individuality, 130, 143 institute for Creation research, 287, 295 King, Mary-Claire, 23 insulin sensitivity, 272, 277-279, 280 Kirschner, Marc, 24, 45-63, 81, 84 intelligent design, 102 arguments for, xvii, 9-10, 12, 13, 146, 288-290, 292, 293, 294 L artifact analogy, 5, 9, 289-293 and common ancestry of humans and lamarckism, 56-57, 63 apes, 295-296 lavine, laura Corley, 185, 257-281 creation science movement and, 285, leafhoppers, 173-175 287, 288, 293-302 lenski, richard e., 183, 225-238 and educational policy, xviii, 285, 296- Leptothorax ants, 152 297, 299, 302-304 life-history emergence of, 287, 296-302 evolution, 130, 143, 226 landmark court decisions, 287-288, 291, theory, 140 296-297, 298-299, 301, 302 tradeoff genes, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, microevolution/macroevolution 139, 140, 142 distinction, 294-295 Limenitis spp., 187, 191-204 modern proponents, xviii, 286, 288-289, limpets, 17, 18 294, 295-296, 301 lingula, 12, 15 Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... gene, 16 complexity, 27, 106, 150-151 McDonald-Kreitman test for selection, 194- conflict mediation, 133 195, 196, 202-203 conflicts and cross-purposes, xvii, 133, Mclean, Bill, 296 147 Melipona, 160 conserved functional components and Metazoa, 172 processes, 49 Methanogenesis, 167 cooperation and, xvii, 133, 135 Michigan state University, Digital division of labor, 133, 149 evolution laboratory, 43 eusocial insect colony analogy, 149-152 Michod, richard e., 106, 129-143 fitness tradeoffs, 106, 129, 134, 136-140, Microevolutionary theory, 24, 65, 76-80, 85, 142 86, 123, 294-295 genome complexity, 90-92, 102 Microtubules, 49, 54-55 germ soma specialization, 131-132 Miller, Kenneth r., 293 group formation, 129, 142 Mitochondria, 147, 165, 168, 171, 172, 241- hallmarks of, 94-95 242, 249, 250, 252-253, 254 horizontal gene transfer, 165, 166 Molecular biology. See also DnA sequences; individuality trait, 129, 131, 132, 142-143 Genes interactions of systems, 105 reconstruction of evolutionary history, kinship relationships, 101, 106, 131-132, 17, 85 133, 142, 153 technology, 87 life-cycle stages, 27 Molecular clock, 67 modular gene structure, 94, 96-98 Mollusks, 9 mutation rates, 91, 93 eye evolution, 17-18, 183, 188 Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... See also Genetic networks; neutral, 194 neural networks and phenotypic changes, 166 biological importance, 66 process, 15, 21 evolutionary dynamics, 66 randomness, 20-21 graph theory analyses, 66 rates, 89, 90, 93, 101, 102 scale-free, 66 and regulatory evolution, 115, 122-123, neural crest cells, 50, 58-59, 62 124, 126 neural networks, biological, 26, 37, 54, 55, selective breeding, 13 56 single-gene, 16, 139 neuronal transmission, 52-53 Mutualism, 179-180 new World monkeys, 190, 194, 200-201 Myoglobin gene, 254 new york University, vii Myrmica, 160 newton, isaac, xvii, 4 Mystery of Life's Origin, 298 newtonian dynamics, 28 Myxobacteria, 132 nitric oxide synthesis, 248, 250, 252-253, 254 no Child left Behind Act, 302 N nonsense-mediated decay pathway, 94 norm of reaction, 57 natural laws, 3, 4-5, 14, 21 Read the entire page →
From page 356... ... See also Facilitated origins of, 58, 83, 105, 107, 109 variation pigmentation patterns, 114-117 characterization, 46 recruitment from available components, constraints on, 24 117 genetic components, 23-24; see also regulatory evolution and, 58, 109, 112, Facilitated variation; Genes; Genetic 114-117, 120, 126-127 drift; Genetic variation; Mutations; symbiotic associations and, 107 Population genetics nucleotide sequences growth-related, 80, 279 conservation, 90 measuring, see Functional information functional information, 28-29, 30, 33, 40, and natural selection, 54, 55 41, 42, 195 nutrition-related, 257, 270-273, 275, mutations, 91, 98, 196, 254 277-279 reconstruction, 195, 197, 198-199, origins of, 57 203-204 paths of change, 46, 53-54, 56-59, 61, 63 silent-site substitutions, 92 pigmentation-related, 80 Nymphalis antiopa, 197 plasticity, 55, 58, 59, 61, 270-272, 278-279 symbiotic associations and, 107, 169-170 Photoperiod sensitivity, 209, 213 O Photopigments, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191 194, 197, 199, 201 octopus, 17, 18 Photoreceptors, 18, 188, 189, 191, 192, 200 Of Pandas and People, 298, 299-301 Photosynthesis, 20, 132, 135, 170, 171, 209 olsen, roger B., 298 Phototrophy, 167, 171 Onthophagus spp., 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, Phylogenetic 267, 269, 271, 277, 278, 279, 280 reconstruction, 17, 176, 187, 189, 195, ontogeny. See Morphological evolution; 197, 198, 203, 260, 261-262 regulatory evolution variation, xvi, 101-102, 171, 173-174 operons, 90, 92, 94 Phylogeographic methods, 207 opsin genes and proteins, 187-204 Pieris rapae, 197 organelles. Read the entire page →
From page 357... ... natural selection, 183-184, Probe Ministries, 297 207-209, 221, 223 Prosimians, 190 bottlenecks, 215, 216, 219 Prokaryotes crops, 205-206, 209 cell architecture, 93, 94 demographic considerations, 215, conserved core processes, 49, 50 216-218 genetic drift, 91 domestication syndrome, 208-209, 223 genomic architecture, 86, 90, 91 empirical ranking of genes, 218-220 horizontal gene transfer, 106, 165, 167 genetic history, 214-216, 221 168, 170 genome-wide association studies, 213 microbial consortia, 170-171 genotype-phenotype association, 212, origins of multicellularity, 93, 95 213, 214, 220-221 symbiotic associations, 171 linkage disequilibrium mapping, 184, tryptophan pathway inactivation, 167 209, 210, 212-214, 215, 221, 222, 223 Protists, 50, 132, 167, 170 methodical selection, 208 Prud'homme, Benjamin, 71, 105, 109-127 phenotypic changes, 208-209 Prudic, Kathleen l., 187-204 phylogeographic methods, 207 Psyllids, 174, 178 population genetic analyses, 205, 209, Public school evolution education 210, 215-221 bans on, 286-287 quantitative trait loci mapping, 184, 205, history of fundamentalist opposition, 209, 210-212, 213, 214, 218, 221, 222, 286-287 223 intelligent design and, 297-298, 302-304 testing hypotheses, 215-216 legislative attempts to promote iD, transgenic analyses, 210, 221 302-303 unconscious selection, 205, 208, 209, 215 Pulmonary hypertension, 248, 250, 252-253, Planthoppers, 173 254 Plants. See also Plant domestication desert adaptations, 19-20 Q genome evolution, 92 horizontal gene transfer, 168 Queller, David C., 42, 106, 145-163 Plastids, 165, 168, 171, 172 Pleiotropy, 59, 60, 98, 119-120, 214, 235-236 Pleodorina californica, 131, 132 R Pocket mice (Chaetodipus intermedius) Read the entire page →
From page 358... ... See also self-regulating processes, 52, 56, 99, 100 Genetic networks selfish genetic elements, 135, 148 accumulation of, 117 sex chromosomes, 92 bowtie effect, 60 sex differentiation, 53-54 compartmentation, 49, 51, 59-60, 122 sexual dimorphism, 185 and novelty, 58, 105, 122 apoptosis and, 279 opportunism in, 120, 122 in beetle horn morphology, 257, 260, plug-in modules, 74 261, 262-263, 266, 273, 275, 280 stabilization, 59 in insect wing morphology, 279 weak, 48, 51-54, 58 in pigmentation patterns, 121-122 reproductive regulatory processes, 60, 121-122 altruism, 106, 129-131, 133, 134-136, 142, sharpshooters, 174-176, 177, 178 148, 152, 164, 155, 157 signal transduction pathways, 52, 70, 74, isolation, 180 272 success, 11, 13, 14, 17, 20, 118-120, 239, Siproeta stelenes, 195, 197 248, 254; see also Fitness sison-Mangus, Marilou P., 187-204 reptiles, 54, 68 social amoebas, 41 reverse genetic methodologies, 220, 221 social behaviors, xvii. See also eusocial rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, 189 insect colonies rhinoceros beetles (Dynastinae) Read the entire page →
From page 359... ... Index / sunflower, 214 at 40°C, 184, 225, 228-231, 232-233 superorganisms, 147, 149, 150-152, 153, analyses, 238 158, 159 antagonistic pleiotropy and, 235-236 switch proteins, 52, 54, 66, 80 experimental measurements, 237-238 symbiosis generality of tradeoff effect, 225, 226, in arthropods, 180 227, 231 bacteria, 167, 170-171, 172, 174-179 genetic basis, 235 bacteriophage and, 170 historical thermal environment and, cell and organ specialization, 107 226, 227, 228-229, 234-235, 238 and coadaptation, 165-166, 169-170, 171, mutation accumulation and, 235-236 180 nature of tradeoffs, 234, 235-236 coevolved associations, 170-171 power of experimental approach, 236 cooperation in, 42 qualitative aspects of tradeoff and eukaryotic adaptation and hypothesis, 231-233 complexity, 171-172 quantitative relationships in magnitude function topologies, 37, 42 of fitness, 226, 227, 232, 233-234 gene loss and deterioration, 165, 167, study organisms, 230, 236-237 169, 172, 178 tradeoffs, 184, 226-227 and genome plasticity, 179-180 universality of tradeoff effect, 225, 227, genome sequencing, 176-177 231-232, 233 genomic decay, 177-179 Teosinte, 211, 217, 218, 219, 220 heritability, 106, 169, 171, 172, 173-174, Termites, 149, 153, 154, 155 TGF-β, 73, 74 179-180 horizontal gene transfer, 166, 169, 170, Thaxton, Charles B., 298 171, 178-179 Theodosia viridaurata, 259 insects, 165, 172-179, 180 Thermal stress, 179. See Temperature intergenerational transmission, 107, 165, adaptation in E coli 172, 173, 176, 178, 179 Thrips, 155 metabolic interdependencies, 170-171 Tomato, 210, 221 microbial consortia, 170-171 Trans-regulatory landscape, 115-117 multipartite, 165-166, 174-176 Transcription-factor binding sites, 53, 69, mutualism, 179-180 90, 96, 97, 114, 115, 123 nutritional, 173-179 Transcription factors obligate, 107, 165, 169-170, 171-172, 174, allele-specific utilizations, 96, 97, 99 177-179, 180 B, 99 and phenotypic novelty, 107, 165, compartmentation of regulation, 59 169-170 conserved, 60, 110, 122 reproductive isolation, 180 demographic model, 218 systems biology, xvii down regulation, 74 artificial life models, see Avida engrailed, 115, 122 populations evolution of, 49 and evolutionary biology, 66-67 gene recruitment event, 69, 116 szostak, Jack W., 23, 25-43 h1F1, 254-255 hox proteins, 110, 120-122 interactions between Cres and, 105, T 117, 120-122, 124-125 loss of function, 69, 74, 114 Tajima's D, 216, 218, 219, 220 and morphological evolution, 111, 112, Tbx genes, 60 114, 116 Tel Aviv University, vii network modules, 69-70 Temperature adaptation in E Read the entire page →
From page 360... ... See Color vision in butterflies; eye Tryptophan biosynthesis, 167, 168, 178 Vitreochlamys, 132 Tsetse flies, 174 volvocine groups Tufts University, vii colony size, 136, 137, 139, 142 Turbulent flows, functional information of, conflict mediation, 133 26, 42 fitness tradeoffs, 129, 136-142 flagellation constraint, 137 group formation, 132-133 U individuality, 131, 132, 142-143 motility, 136-137, 139-140, 141 Ubiquitin signaling pathway, 94 palintomy, 137 Ubx protein, 124-126 reproductive altruism, 134-135 Unicellular organisms Volvox aureus, 131 fitness tradeoffs, 137 Volvox carteri, 129, 131, 134-135, 139 transition to multicellularity, 129-143 Uniformitarianism, 146 University of Cambridge, 10 W University of Texas at Austin, 139 Waddington, C h., 56, 57, 66 Wallace, Alfred russel, 11-12, 207-208 V Wasps, 149, 157, 159, 179 Wells, Jonathan, 301 Vanessa atalanta, 191 Wheat, 206, 209, 211, 213, 214 Vanessa cardui, 191, 197 Whiteflies, 174, 178 vasculogenesis, 56 Wilder-smith, A Read the entire page →

From page 345...

... sackler Gallery of Asian Art, viii Alternative splicing, 70, 71, 94 Artificial life models. See Avida populations Altitude.

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From page 346...

... , 259, 260 pathogenic, 168, 170 β-tubulins, 50 phototrophic, 171 Bicyclus anynana, 191 resistance to antibiotics, 15-16 Biocomplexity. See also Avida populations; symbiotic associations, 167, 170-171, eusocial insect colonies; 172, 174-179 Multicellular organisms toxins, 167 artificial, 26 type-iii secretory systems, 167 behavioral, 28 Bacteriocytes, 174 competitive, 32 Bacteriomes, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179 conserved core processes, 54-55 Bacteriophages, 170, 179 of cross-purpose, 147 Baldwin effect, 57, 58 developmental constraints, 65 Bananas, 206, 211, 212 dimensionality, 28 Barley, 206, 209, 212, 213, 214 diversity, 27-28 Bat wing evolution, 55-56, 73-74, 75 hierarchical levels, 105-107 Baumania cicadellinicola, 175, 176, 177 information content–function Beall, Cynthia M., 184, 239-255 relationship, 27 Beavis effect, 211 measuring, 150-151 Bees, 50, 146, 148, 149, 152, 153, 154, 157, modeling emergent events, 26, 42-43 159-160, 161, 162, 172 natural selection and, 16-17, 54, 55, 68, Beetle horn diversification 69, 73, 85, 93, 95-96 allometry, 257, 258, 262, 271, 272, 275, nonadaptive forces, 90-95 277-279, 281 origins and evolution of, xvii, 42, 83, 84, axis of outgrowth, 265-270, 275-276, 280 93-95, 103 comparative studies, 277 of purpose, 147 developmental model, 258, 275-280

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From page 347...

... , 49, 61, evolutionary significance, 111 62, 73-74 and fitness penalties, 118-120 Bovine rhodopsin, 199-200, 200, 204 functional conservation of, 111, 115 Bowtie effect, 60 modularity, 110, 111 Bradley, Walter, 298 and novelty, 114-117, 120 Bricolage, 68, 69, 70, 73. See also transcription factor interactions with, evolutionary tinkering 120-122 Bridgewater Treatises, 9-10 Climate change, 226 Briscoe, Adriana D., 187-204 Coadaptation, 166, 171, 179, 180 Britten, roy h., 23, 66 Cockroaches, 174 Bryan, William Jennings, 286 Coevolution Buchner, Paul, 173-174, 176 regulatory changes and, 46, 52, 53, 54, Buchnera, 174, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180 56, 61, 62 Buell, Jon, 297, 298 symbiotic associations, 169, 170-171 Busk, George, 12 Colobopsis ants, 150 Butterflies.

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From page 348...

... See also 111, 115 Drosophila regulatory compartmentation and, 49, Discovery institute, 288, 303 51, 59-60, 63, 122 Divergence. See also Morphological robustness, 51, 54, 55-56, 60, 61, 62, 63 evolution state selection, 52-53, 60 acquisition of foreign genes and, 168 weak regulatory linkages and, 51-54, 60, beetle horns, 257, 262, 279 63 functional, 199 Convergent evolution, 79, 187, 189, 190, of Galapagos finches, 46, 63, 73 194, 195, 196-198, 199 obligate nutritional symbionts of Copernican revolution, xvii, 3, 4-5 insects, 177, 178 Copernicus, nicolaus, xvii, 4 rate of, 262 Creation myths, 68 regulatory elements and, 110, 111, 112, Creation science movement, 285, 287, 288, 114, 116, 124, 125, 127, 135, 136 293-302 silent-site level of, 91 Cretaceous, 154 of sticklebacks, 61, 73, 74-76, 119 Cuerna sayi, 175 tradeoffs and, 234 Cuevas, Cristina i., 187-204 tryptophan pathways, 167 Cyanobacteria, 170 DnA sequences Cytoplasmic P bodies, 94 changes in, see Genetic variation noncoding, 111 nonfunctional intergenic, 90, 172 D nontranscribed, 47 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, xiii, xiv, xviii Dalrymple, G

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From page 349...

... See Public school evolution kinship ties, 106, 145, 147-148, 153-154, education 157, 161 embryonic development life insurers, 145, 155, 157, 159 cell differentiation, 58 mobility, 150, 151 compartmentation, 59, 60 multicellular organism compared, and facilitated variation, 62 149-152 forelimb development, 73 origins of sociality, 154 phylotypic stage, 59-60 parental care, 155 placenta and, 16-17 queenless, 157, 161 embryonic induction, 53 queens, 145, 148, 149, 150, 153, 155, 157, emlen, Douglas J., 185, 257-281 158, 159-161, 162 enhancer binding proteins, 53 reproductive altruism, 106, 148, 154, environmentally induced change. See 155, 157 also high-altitude adaptation; sex ratio conflict, 154, 158, 159, 163 Temperature adaptation success of, 152-153 persistence of traits, 57; see also superorganism view of, 147, 149-152, heritibility; natural selection 153, 158, 159 sex differentiation, 54 worker reproduction and policing, 161epistasis, 87, 95-100.

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From page 350...

... , 14, 17; see fruit fly, 70 also Beetle horn diversification image-resolving, 188 education, see Public school evolution molluscan, 17-18, 183, 188 education rhabdom structure, 191, 201 genetic variation and, 47, 54, 86, 118, 258 stepwise evolution, 16, 17-18, 70, 132, 183 geographic evidence, 11 gradualness, 54, 75 F interval vs. external forces, 88-89 lamarckism, 56-5763 Facilitated variation, theory of metaphors, 67-69 compartmentation, 59-60 microevolutionary scale, 24, 65, 76-80, conserved core processes and, 45-46, 85, 86, 123, 294-295 48-56 misconceptions about, 84, 85-86 and evolution, 62-63 Modern synthesis, 57, 86 experimental evidence, 60-62 molecular reconstruction of, 17, 85, 176 exploratory processes, 54-55 morphological changes, see favorable sources and paths, 56-59 Morphological evolution steps, 47-48 mutations and, 15, 54, 83, 85, 87, 88-89, weak regulatory linkages and, 48, 51-54 90-92 Falciprum malaria, 254 natural selection and, 14-15, 84, 85, 87, Finches, beak morphology, 46, 61-62, 73, 92, 93, 95, 118 74, 75 network perspective, 66, 67-69 Fish.

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From page 351...

... See also Mutations in adaptive traits, 215, 218, 234, 255 cis-regulatory changes, 47 G and complex morphological changes, 123-126, 258 Gain of function, 77-78, 90, 114 and evolution, 47, 54, 86, 118, 258 Galileo, xvii, 4 and gene regulation, 47 Gammaproteobacteria, 168, 175, 176 lethality, 48, 56, 61 Gaut, Brandon s., 184, 205-223 nonadaptive mechanisms in, 86, 90, 101 Genes and phenotypic variation, 45, 46-47, 56, cooption/recruitment, 69-70, 71, 75, 105, 58, 59, 60-61, 205-223 115, 116, 122, 123, 129, 134, 135, 136, in protein regulatory regions, 48 142, 189 sources, 15, 47 duplication, 82, 86, 94, 96-97, 98, 99, 111, at transcription sites, 47-48 124, 126, 168, 172, 189, 190, 193, 201 Genome analysis, xvi interactions, 24, 87; see also Genetic artificial life, see Avida populations networks bacteria, 50, 170 loss, 50, 165, 166, 167, 169, 172 comparative sequencing, 50, 166, 169, subfunctionalization, 92, 94, 97, 98, 100, 176-177 123 Genomes regulation, 24; see also Genetic networks evolution of, 90-92 transfer, see horizontal gene transfer mobile elements, 88, 90, 92, 94, 102 Genetic assimilation, 57-58 plasticity, 179-180 Genetic drift, 24, 79, 83, 85, 86-87, 89, 90, 91, Genomic imprinting, 148 96, 99, 103, 127, 194, 214 Gerhart, John, 24, 45-63, 81, 84 Genetic networks, 24 Gish, Duane, 295 analysis, 67 God, xv, 6-7, 9-10, 293, 294, 301 complex morphological traits, 65, 268 Gompel, nicolas, 105, 109-127 conceptual framework, 66, 57-59 Gonium pectoral, 131, 132

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From page 352...

... 2 / Index Gould, stephen Jay, 296 hypoxic ventilator response, 243, 245, Graphocephala atropunctata, 177 251, 252-253 Gray, Asa, 12 mitochondrial volume, 241-242, 249, Griffin, Patrick l., 23, 25-43 250, 252-253, 254 myoglobin gene, 254 nitric oxide synthesis, 248, 250, 252-253, H 254 offspring survival, 239, 248, 254 hamilton, W D., 153-154 oxygen diffusion rates, 241, 246-250, 254 Hamiltonella defensa, 179 oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin, haplodiploid hypothesis, 106, 154-155 249 haplotype blocks, 212 points of, 242-250 hapMap project, 223 pulmonary hypertension, 248, 250, 252hazen, robert M., 23, 25-43 253, 254 Hedgehog gene, 268, 277 quantitative genetic approach, 239, 250Heliconius erato, 191 251, 252-253 Heliconius sara, 197 Tibetan-Andean population differences, hemoglobin, 240, 244-246, 250, 252-253 184, 240-241, 244-255 heritability uteroplacental oxygen delivery, 248 of adaptations, 57 ventilation, 243-244, 245, 251, 252-253 defined, 100 high-throughput analysis, 220 of fitness-related traits, 130, 133-134 histidine, 177 genetic variance and, 101 hitchhiking effect, 88, 222 of high-altitude adaptation, 239-340, Homalodisca coagulata, 176 250-255 Homo sapiens, 19 of phenotypic variations, 46, 57, 60-61 homology modeling, 188, 199-201, 204 of regulatory change, 45, 53 honey bees, 50, 146, 148, 149, 152, 159-159, of symbiotic associations, 106, 165, 169, 162, 172 179-180 honeypot ants, 150 herschel, John, 11 hooker, Joseph, 11 high-altitude adaptation horizontal gene transfer arterial oxygen, 246, 247, 250, 252-253 in bacteria, 167, 168, 170-171, 172, 179 basal metabolic rate, 242, 243 barriers to, 168, 170-171, 172 blood flow rates, 246-250, 254 in eukaryotes, 165, 166, 168, 172-173 blood oxygen levels, 241, 244-246, 250, evolutionary motivation, 166-167 251, 254 and fitness, 170 candidate gene approach, 239, 254-255 and novelty, 106, 166, 168 capillary density, 249, 250, 252-253 in plants, 168 Darwinian fitness coefficient, 254 in prokaryotes, 106, 165, 167-168, 170 effect size, 250 rates, 168 energy production, 242-243 symbiotic associations and, 166, 169, erythropoietin concentrations, 246, 170-171, 172-173, 178-179 252-253 vectors, 170 evolutionary tinkering, 239 hox genes, 60 genetic admixture analysis, 239, 251 hox proteins, 110, 121, 122, 124, 125 h1F1 transcription factor, 254-255 human genome, 172 hemoglobin concentration, 246, 252-253 humans hemoglobin oxygen saturation, 240, color vision, 200-201 244-246, 250, 252-253 oxygen transport cascade, 241-242 heritability, 239-340, 250-255 selection testing, 217-218 hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, hume, David, xv-xvi 247-248 hymenoptera, 154, 155

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From page 353...

... See also Beetle horn diversification; Color vision in butterflies; Drosophila K apoptosis in, 279 colonies. See eusocial insect colonies Kansas Board of education, 296 compartmentation, 59 Kauffman, s., 66, 77, 103 eye, 189 Kenyon, Dean, 298-299 fat bodies, 272 Kepler, Johann, xvii, 4 fossil record, 153, 174, 176 Kin selection limb and appendage development, 60, in behavioral evolution, 101 266, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 276, in eusocial insect colonies, 106, 145, 147 277, 278, 279 148, 155-158, 159, 162, 163 symbiotic associations, 165, 173-178 and individuality, 130, 143 institute for Creation research, 287, 295 King, Mary-Claire, 23 insulin sensitivity, 272, 277-279, 280 Kirschner, Marc, 24, 45-63, 81, 84 intelligent design, 102 arguments for, xvii, 9-10, 12, 13, 146, 288-290, 292, 293, 294 L artifact analogy, 5, 9, 289-293 and common ancestry of humans and lamarckism, 56-57, 63 apes, 295-296 lavine, laura Corley, 185, 257-281 creation science movement and, 285, leafhoppers, 173-175 287, 288, 293-302 lenski, richard e., 183, 225-238 and educational policy, xviii, 285, 296- Leptothorax ants, 152 297, 299, 302-304 life-history emergence of, 287, 296-302 evolution, 130, 143, 226 landmark court decisions, 287-288, 291, theory, 140 296-297, 298-299, 301, 302 tradeoff genes, 129, 134, 135, 136, 137, microevolution/macroevolution 139, 140, 142 distinction, 294-295 Limenitis spp., 187, 191-204 modern proponents, xviii, 286, 288-289, limpets, 17, 18 294, 295-296, 301 lingula, 12, 15

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From page 354...

... gene, 16 complexity, 27, 106, 150-151 McDonald-Kreitman test for selection, 194- conflict mediation, 133 195, 196, 202-203 conflicts and cross-purposes, xvii, 133, Mclean, Bill, 296 147 Melipona, 160 conserved functional components and Metazoa, 172 processes, 49 Methanogenesis, 167 cooperation and, xvii, 133, 135 Michigan state University, Digital division of labor, 133, 149 evolution laboratory, 43 eusocial insect colony analogy, 149-152 Michod, richard e., 106, 129-143 fitness tradeoffs, 106, 129, 134, 136-140, Microevolutionary theory, 24, 65, 76-80, 85, 142 86, 123, 294-295 genome complexity, 90-92, 102 Microtubules, 49, 54-55 germ soma specialization, 131-132 Miller, Kenneth r., 293 group formation, 129, 142 Mitochondria, 147, 165, 168, 171, 172, 241- hallmarks of, 94-95 242, 249, 250, 252-253, 254 horizontal gene transfer, 165, 166 Molecular biology. See also DnA sequences; individuality trait, 129, 131, 132, 142-143 Genes interactions of systems, 105 reconstruction of evolutionary history, kinship relationships, 101, 106, 131-132, 17, 85 133, 142, 153 technology, 87 life-cycle stages, 27 Molecular clock, 67 modular gene structure, 94, 96-98 Mollusks, 9 mutation rates, 91, 93 eye evolution, 17-18, 183, 188

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From page 355...

... See also Genetic networks; neutral, 194 neural networks and phenotypic changes, 166 biological importance, 66 process, 15, 21 evolutionary dynamics, 66 randomness, 20-21 graph theory analyses, 66 rates, 89, 90, 93, 101, 102 scale-free, 66 and regulatory evolution, 115, 122-123, neural crest cells, 50, 58-59, 62 124, 126 neural networks, biological, 26, 37, 54, 55, selective breeding, 13 56 single-gene, 16, 139 neuronal transmission, 52-53 Mutualism, 179-180 new World monkeys, 190, 194, 200-201 Myoglobin gene, 254 new york University, vii Myrmica, 160 newton, isaac, xvii, 4 Mystery of Life's Origin, 298 newtonian dynamics, 28 Myxobacteria, 132 nitric oxide synthesis, 248, 250, 252-253, 254 no Child left Behind Act, 302 N nonsense-mediated decay pathway, 94 norm of reaction, 57 natural laws, 3, 4-5, 14, 21

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From page 356...

... See also Facilitated origins of, 58, 83, 105, 107, 109 variation pigmentation patterns, 114-117 characterization, 46 recruitment from available components, constraints on, 24 117 genetic components, 23-24; see also regulatory evolution and, 58, 109, 112, Facilitated variation; Genes; Genetic 114-117, 120, 126-127 drift; Genetic variation; Mutations; symbiotic associations and, 107 Population genetics nucleotide sequences growth-related, 80, 279 conservation, 90 measuring, see Functional information functional information, 28-29, 30, 33, 40, and natural selection, 54, 55 41, 42, 195 nutrition-related, 257, 270-273, 275, mutations, 91, 98, 196, 254 277-279 reconstruction, 195, 197, 198-199, origins of, 57 203-204 paths of change, 46, 53-54, 56-59, 61, 63 silent-site substitutions, 92 pigmentation-related, 80 Nymphalis antiopa, 197 plasticity, 55, 58, 59, 61, 270-272, 278-279 symbiotic associations and, 107, 169-170 Photoperiod sensitivity, 209, 213 O Photopigments, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191 194, 197, 199, 201 octopus, 17, 18 Photoreceptors, 18, 188, 189, 191, 192, 200 Of Pandas and People, 298, 299-301 Photosynthesis, 20, 132, 135, 170, 171, 209 olsen, roger B., 298 Phototrophy, 167, 171 Onthophagus spp., 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, Phylogenetic 267, 269, 271, 277, 278, 279, 280 reconstruction, 17, 176, 187, 189, 195, ontogeny. See Morphological evolution; 197, 198, 203, 260, 261-262 regulatory evolution variation, xvi, 101-102, 171, 173-174 operons, 90, 92, 94 Phylogeographic methods, 207 opsin genes and proteins, 187-204 Pieris rapae, 197 organelles.

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From page 357...

... natural selection, 183-184, Probe Ministries, 297 207-209, 221, 223 Prosimians, 190 bottlenecks, 215, 216, 219 Prokaryotes crops, 205-206, 209 cell architecture, 93, 94 demographic considerations, 215, conserved core processes, 49, 50 216-218 genetic drift, 91 domestication syndrome, 208-209, 223 genomic architecture, 86, 90, 91 empirical ranking of genes, 218-220 horizontal gene transfer, 106, 165, 167 genetic history, 214-216, 221 168, 170 genome-wide association studies, 213 microbial consortia, 170-171 genotype-phenotype association, 212, origins of multicellularity, 93, 95 213, 214, 220-221 symbiotic associations, 171 linkage disequilibrium mapping, 184, tryptophan pathway inactivation, 167 209, 210, 212-214, 215, 221, 222, 223 Protists, 50, 132, 167, 170 methodical selection, 208 Prud'homme, Benjamin, 71, 105, 109-127 phenotypic changes, 208-209 Prudic, Kathleen l., 187-204 phylogeographic methods, 207 Psyllids, 174, 178 population genetic analyses, 205, 209, Public school evolution education 210, 215-221 bans on, 286-287 quantitative trait loci mapping, 184, 205, history of fundamentalist opposition, 209, 210-212, 213, 214, 218, 221, 222, 286-287 223 intelligent design and, 297-298, 302-304 testing hypotheses, 215-216 legislative attempts to promote iD, transgenic analyses, 210, 221 302-303 unconscious selection, 205, 208, 209, 215 Pulmonary hypertension, 248, 250, 252-253, Planthoppers, 173 254 Plants. See also Plant domestication desert adaptations, 19-20 Q genome evolution, 92 horizontal gene transfer, 168 Queller, David C., 42, 106, 145-163 Plastids, 165, 168, 171, 172 Pleiotropy, 59, 60, 98, 119-120, 214, 235-236 Pleodorina californica, 131, 132 R Pocket mice (Chaetodipus intermedius)

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From page 358...

... See also self-regulating processes, 52, 56, 99, 100 Genetic networks selfish genetic elements, 135, 148 accumulation of, 117 sex chromosomes, 92 bowtie effect, 60 sex differentiation, 53-54 compartmentation, 49, 51, 59-60, 122 sexual dimorphism, 185 and novelty, 58, 105, 122 apoptosis and, 279 opportunism in, 120, 122 in beetle horn morphology, 257, 260, plug-in modules, 74 261, 262-263, 266, 273, 275, 280 stabilization, 59 in insect wing morphology, 279 weak, 48, 51-54, 58 in pigmentation patterns, 121-122 reproductive regulatory processes, 60, 121-122 altruism, 106, 129-131, 133, 134-136, 142, sharpshooters, 174-176, 177, 178 148, 152, 164, 155, 157 signal transduction pathways, 52, 70, 74, isolation, 180 272 success, 11, 13, 14, 17, 20, 118-120, 239, Siproeta stelenes, 195, 197 248, 254; see also Fitness sison-Mangus, Marilou P., 187-204 reptiles, 54, 68 social amoebas, 41 reverse genetic methodologies, 220, 221 social behaviors, xvii. See also eusocial rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells, 189 insect colonies rhinoceros beetles (Dynastinae)

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From page 359...

... Index / sunflower, 214 at 40°C, 184, 225, 228-231, 232-233 superorganisms, 147, 149, 150-152, 153, analyses, 238 158, 159 antagonistic pleiotropy and, 235-236 switch proteins, 52, 54, 66, 80 experimental measurements, 237-238 symbiosis generality of tradeoff effect, 225, 226, in arthropods, 180 227, 231 bacteria, 167, 170-171, 172, 174-179 genetic basis, 235 bacteriophage and, 170 historical thermal environment and, cell and organ specialization, 107 226, 227, 228-229, 234-235, 238 and coadaptation, 165-166, 169-170, 171, mutation accumulation and, 235-236 180 nature of tradeoffs, 234, 235-236 coevolved associations, 170-171 power of experimental approach, 236 cooperation in, 42 qualitative aspects of tradeoff and eukaryotic adaptation and hypothesis, 231-233 complexity, 171-172 quantitative relationships in magnitude function topologies, 37, 42 of fitness, 226, 227, 232, 233-234 gene loss and deterioration, 165, 167, study organisms, 230, 236-237 169, 172, 178 tradeoffs, 184, 226-227 and genome plasticity, 179-180 universality of tradeoff effect, 225, 227, genome sequencing, 176-177 231-232, 233 genomic decay, 177-179 Teosinte, 211, 217, 218, 219, 220 heritability, 106, 169, 171, 172, 173-174, Termites, 149, 153, 154, 155 TGF-β, 73, 74 179-180 horizontal gene transfer, 166, 169, 170, Thaxton, Charles B., 298 171, 178-179 Theodosia viridaurata, 259 insects, 165, 172-179, 180 Thermal stress, 179. See Temperature intergenerational transmission, 107, 165, adaptation in E coli 172, 173, 176, 178, 179 Thrips, 155 metabolic interdependencies, 170-171 Tomato, 210, 221 microbial consortia, 170-171 Trans-regulatory landscape, 115-117 multipartite, 165-166, 174-176 Transcription-factor binding sites, 53, 69, mutualism, 179-180 90, 96, 97, 114, 115, 123 nutritional, 173-179 Transcription factors obligate, 107, 165, 169-170, 171-172, 174, allele-specific utilizations, 96, 97, 99 177-179, 180 B, 99 and phenotypic novelty, 107, 165, compartmentation of regulation, 59 169-170 conserved, 60, 110, 122 reproductive isolation, 180 demographic model, 218 systems biology, xvii down regulation, 74 artificial life models, see Avida engrailed, 115, 122 populations evolution of, 49 and evolutionary biology, 66-67 gene recruitment event, 69, 116 szostak, Jack W., 23, 25-43 h1F1, 254-255 hox proteins, 110, 120-122 interactions between Cres and, 105, T 117, 120-122, 124-125 loss of function, 69, 74, 114 Tajima's D, 216, 218, 219, 220 and morphological evolution, 111, 112, Tbx genes, 60 114, 116 Tel Aviv University, vii network modules, 69-70 Temperature adaptation in E

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From page 360...

... See Color vision in butterflies; eye Tryptophan biosynthesis, 167, 168, 178 Vitreochlamys, 132 Tsetse flies, 174 volvocine groups Tufts University, vii colony size, 136, 137, 139, 142 Turbulent flows, functional information of, conflict mediation, 133 26, 42 fitness tradeoffs, 129, 136-142 flagellation constraint, 137 group formation, 132-133 U individuality, 131, 132, 142-143 motility, 136-137, 139-140, 141 Ubiquitin signaling pathway, 94 palintomy, 137 Ubx protein, 124-126 reproductive altruism, 134-135 Unicellular organisms Volvox aureus, 131 fitness tradeoffs, 137 Volvox carteri, 129, 131, 134-135, 139 transition to multicellularity, 129-143 Uniformitarianism, 146 University of Cambridge, 10 W University of Texas at Austin, 139 Waddington, C h., 56, 57, 66 Wallace, Alfred russel, 11-12, 207-208 V Wasps, 149, 157, 159, 179 Wells, Jonathan, 301 Vanessa atalanta, 191 Wheat, 206, 209, 211, 213, 214 Vanessa cardui, 191, 197 Whiteflies, 174, 178 vasculogenesis, 56 Wilder-smith, A

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