Biographical Memoirs Volume 88 (2006) / Chapter Skim
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James Daniel Hardy
James Daniel Hardy
Pages 188-213
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From page 188... ...
Colter Earl by Photograph
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From page 189... ...
Each intended to raise the other's core temperature higher than his own. Hardy and Wolff measured pain threshold on each other, and they evaluated the intensity of pain by using my classmates at Cornell Medical School as guinea pigs.
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From page 190... ...
Hardy's father, James Chappel Hardy, had moved from East Texas to Georgetown (the home of Southwestern University) to train for the ministry.
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From page 191... ...
The striped beam was focused on two adjacent gratings, separated by a bar's width to make them out of phase with each other, and because the oscillation period of the second galvanometer equaled that of the first galvanometer, the current from the thermocouples periodically kicked the second galvanometer into higher swings up to 2000 times as great as the displacement that would have resulted from the current generated by the first thermocouple. Weak signals of light or infrared from the primary source became strong light and electrical signals from the secondary source thrown periodically onto the second pair of thermocouples and their galvanometer.
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From page 192... ...
DuBois) , who was conducting research on body heat production using the Russell Sage calorimeter.
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From page 193... ...
Although shiny surfaces neither absorb nor radiate visible light and infrared light effectively, Hardy found that white skin absorbs and radiates long wavelength infrared just as well as blackened skin. Using a rock-salt prism, he found the absorption and emission wavelength of skin to be 5 to 10 microns, similar to that of a black body, or equal to a Leslie cube held at skin temperature.
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From page 194... ...
Between 1937 and 1938 his attention turned to radiant heat loss as compared with convective and evaporative heat loss from the human body at a variety of environmental exposure conditions with or without clothing of subjects while they were enclosed in the Russell Sage whole-body calorimeter. The subject inside would aim the radiometer at designated points on the skin surface while Hardy, standing outside the calorimeter, took galvanometer readings of skin temperature to calculate radiant heat loss (1937,1)
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From page 195... ...
The light intensity was initially set low, but was increased by steps until the subject reported pricking pain, which is distinct from the sensations of warmth or heat. The head or arm was removed from the aperture and replaced by a calibrated thermocouple to measure the radiant heat flux that had been responsible for heating the blackened skin.
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From page 196... ...
He returned to inactive duty in February 1946, but continued to train a naval reserve unit and so became commander in June 1948, captain in 1952, and rear admiral in the naval reserves in 1961. "Isn't it dangerous to try to defuse an unexploded bomb?
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From page 197... ...
Hardy measured the intensities of incident heat flux producing just noticeable differences in pain sensation ranging from threshold to maximum. There were 21 such steps of jnd over the range from threshold heat flux (0.22 cal/ cm2/sec)
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From page 198... ...
. Starting in a room at 26°C they measured skin temperature and pain threshold, then moved to a room at 8°C to measure skin temperature and pain threshold on cold skin, then heated the skin to a skin temperature of 43°, each time measuring the heat flux required to produce pricking pain.
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From page 199... ...
The principle behind this early gradient layer calorimeter was used by Lawton, Prouty, and Hardy (1954,1) to construct a gradient layer calorimeter to measure heat loss and heat production in laboratory animals.
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From page 200... ...
A major step in understanding pain threshold came when Hendler, Crosbie, and Hardy (1958,2) devised a method to alternate between exposure of the skin to infrared radiation and the measurement of the resultant skin tempera
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From page 201... ...
The method would be used to relate temperature sensation to skin temperature. After studying the heat production and heat loss in the dog (1958,3)
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From page 202... ...
Scientists are promoted to administrative positions because of their achievements in science and often lack training in administration. But Hardy had learned administration first by working in several departments (medicine at Cornell Medical School, physiology at the University of Pennsylvania, the Navy aboard ship, and then in the Civil Service at the Naval Medical Acceleration Research Laboratory, in Johnsville)
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From page 203... ...
. The respiratory oxygen uptake, skin temperature, and sweat rate would be monitored with a computer, and the comfort vote and thermal sensation would be recorded.
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From page 204... ...
Conversation usually included experiences and events, with war stories sprinkled among them. Lunch kept the group cohesive and informed.
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From page 205... ...
Eleanor R Adair would extend Hardy's earlier studies on microwave absorption to include thermal responses to microwaves in monkeys trained to control their environment by adding cool or warm air as they sensed a need (Adair et al., 1970, cited in Hardy and Stitt [1971]
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From page 206... ...
Highly respected, well liked, he and his wife were buried in Arlington National Cemetery with an 18-gun salute. He was survived by a sister, Laura Crites of Annandale, Virginia; a brother, Leonard, of Orlando, Florida; son James Daniel Hardy Jr., of Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and son George Frederick Hardy, of Pelham Manor, New York.
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From page 207... ...
J A M E S D A N I E L H A R D Y 207 Coast, whereas the other was a cardiovascular surgeon who lived and published in Jackson, Mississippi. They wrote about different subjects.
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From page 208... ...
208 B I O G R A P H I C A L M E M O I R S R E F E R E N C E S Kimball, A
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From page 209... ...
Goodell. Measurement of the effect on the pain threshold of acetylsalicylic acid, acetanilid, acetopheneti din, aminopyrine, ethyl alcohol, trichlorethylene, a barbiturate, quinine, ergotamine tartrate and caffeine: An analysis of their relation to the pain experience.
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From page 210... ...
25:370-377. Summary review of heat loss and heat production in physiologic temperature regulation.
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From page 211... ...
Heat production and heat loss in the dog at 8-36oC environmental temperature.
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From page 212... ...
Behavioral temperature regulation in the squirrel monkey: Changes induced by shifts in hypothalamic tem perature.
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