Adequacy of Evidence for Physical Activity Guidelines Development Workshop Summary (2007) / Chapter Skim
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5 Physical Activity and Special Considerations for Children, Adolescents, and Pregnant and Postpartum Women
5 Physical Activity and Special Considerations for Children, Adolescents, and Pregnant and Postpartum Women
Pages 95-110
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From page 95... ...
For convenience, the term youth was sometimes used by the presenters to refer to school-aged children and adolescents. The discussion section presents promising evidence relating physical activity to specific outcomes in children and adolescents, information on physical activity and skeletal growth in children and adolescents, and a brief summary of points raised during the group discussion.
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From page 96... ...
. Evidence of Specific Outcomes Adiposity Normal weight youth Enhanced physical activity programs appear to have a minimal effect on adiposity among youth of normal weight.
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Blood Pressure Normotensive youth No clear association was found between physical activity and blood pressure in normotensive youth. Hypertensive youth Experimental aerobic training programs have demonstrated beneficial effects on the blood pressure of hypertensive youth.
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From page 98... ...
In experimental studies of children ages 8 years and older, the evidence consistently shows a favorable effect of physical activity on aerobic fitness -- namely, about a 10 percent increase in peak VO2. The programs that produced benefits involved continuous vigorous aerobic activity of various types for 30 to 45 minutes per day at least 3 days per week.
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From page 99... ...
Evidence from six studies of physical education indicates very low risk of injury in programs involving moderate to vigorous activity for 10 to 40 minutes on 3 days per week. In a study of self-reported injuries in recreational and sporting activities among Australian adolescents, about one in four students reported an injury, and the rate of injury was one per three instances of participation (Grimmer et al., 2000)
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From page 100... ...
Evidence is suggestive for adiposity and lipids in nonobese youth; for blood pressure in normotensive youth; and for self-concept, anxiety and depression symptoms, and academic performance. Data on associations of physical activity with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and some indicators of cardiovascular health currently are very limited for youth.
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From page 101... ...
Malina highlighted the importance of investigating how to prevent unhealthy weight gain in children and adolescents, considering physical inactivity as well as physical activity. Inactivity and activity have different meanings and contexts in children and youth, and they are generally independent of each other.
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From page 102... ...
Human studies examined cardiorespiratory responses and thermoregulation in the mother, heart rate of the fetus, and outcomes of pregnancy such as birth weight, gestational length, and adverse events. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG)
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From page 103... ...
Although pilot data from Mottola and colleagues (2005) show a slightly reduced rate of GDM in overweight pregnant women who began a program of physical activity, data are insufficient to develop specific optimal physical activity guidelines for GDM prevention.
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From page 104... ...
104 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WORKSHOP Moderate intensity PA Vigorous intensity PA Pooled Effect Size 0.05; Heterogeneity P = .49 Pooled Effect Size -0.27; Heterogeneity P < 0.01 -2.00 0 2.00 Standardized mean difference (birth weight) FIGURE 5-2 Effect of maternal physical activity on birth weight, stratified by exercise intensity.
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From page 105... ...
Initial studies indicate that beginning or continuing recreational exercise during pregnancy has no identifiable acute or chronic adverse effects on the offspring and may have some positive effects. There is a great need for prospective, randomized exercise-intervention studies in diverse populations.
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From page 106... ...
This is a rapidly developing area, and it is possible that evidence will be available soon regarding protective levels of physical activity. Physical Activity and the Skeleton in Children and Youth Discussant: Heather McKay Topics addressed in this discussion include the optimal period for a response of bone to exercise, bone geometry related to bone strength, modes and intensity of exercise, and the benefits of muscular strength for the skeleton.
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From page 107... ...
Bone mineral density by DEXA may be the same across different configurations of a cross section of bone, even though strengths may differ by four or eight times. Thus there is a huge gap between knowing the amount of bone mineral in a given bone and knowing its structural capacity.
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From page 108... ...
2002. Exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
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Med Sci Sports Exerc 37(Suppl 5)
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2003. Designing exercise regimens to increase bone strength.
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