Fusion of Security System Data to Improve Airport Security (2007) / Chapter Skim
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4 Opportunities for Data Fusion
4 Opportunities for Data Fusion
Pages 43-58
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From page 43... ...
All local, state, and federal responders need to be on the same level of situational awareness. Situational awareness improves efficiency by determining where and when to apply critical resources.
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From page 44... ...
to move from the recognition of data fusion as a key technology for transportation security to having an effective plan for implementing data fusion solutions requires a systems approach. This approach would provide the programmatic basis for integrating security systems for checkpoints, checked-baggage screening, and access control.
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From page 45... ...
Candidates for fusion include x-rays, pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA) , and nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
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NOTE: NQR, nuclear quadrupole resonance; CT, computerized tomography. For the pulsed fast neutron analysis to which the committee is referring, the gamma rays are detected.
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From page 47... ...
could be coupled to two existing alarm-resolving systems, nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) , and pulsed fast neutron analysis (PFNA)
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From page 48... ...
The committee has selected a notional probability of alarms for airport baggage as 30 percent, based on field-test data.3 Any non-alarmed bag is cleared to go onto the airplane, while an alarmed bag is held for further investigation. The diagram in Figure 4-2 includes three causes for alarm -- shield alarms, sheet alarms, and bulk explosive alarms.
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From page 49... ...
A fusion system that reduced false alarms would ensure that the person opening the bag would have a higher proportion of bags to search that did contain true threats, as increasing the probability that an item contains a true signal will likely increase the probability that an operator will detect that signal. OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRE-SCREENING OF PASSENGERS The integration of the many public and federal agency databases into the passenger security screening system is critical in inhibiting the terrorist from entry onto the aircraft.
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From page 50... ...
Privacy Issues While senior officials in the Department of Homeland Security and the TSA remain committed to the concept of using existing database information to pre-screen passengers, political considerations and operational issues have stymied even operational testing, much less implementation of expanded passenger pre-screening. The TSA does hope to test the consolidated TSA-operated "watch list" portion of the successor to the computer-assisted passenger pre-screening system, Secure Flight, this year.
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From page 51... ...
record does not establish an invasion of any right or liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. 8 These issues have been raised in previous reports of the National Research Council -- most notably, Airline Passenger Security Screening: New Technologies and Implementation Issues, which noted: "Limitations on the [deployment of new]
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From page 52... ...
• Trace-explosives detection: Ion mobility spectrum systems are used for trace explosive detection either randomly or if the x-ray examination has led checkpoint personnel to question an item that might be inside a carry-on bag. Trace detection is typically accomplished by collecting a sample from the surface of the carry-on bag and placing the sample in a trace-detection machine that analyzes the sample for any explosive residue.
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From page 53... ...
Although much more computer-based and capable of communicating large amounts of data, these systems are not being integrated into a system hierarchy but rather are being integrated piecemeal to replace or add capability to existing methods of operation. Pilot programs, such as the General Electric Checkpoint of the Future at San Francisco International Airport, are being developed in an effort to integrate multiple technologies into a single "checkpoint system." Other changes that could have profound impact on checkpoint operations are also worth discussion.
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From page 54... ...
The use of multiple biometric measurements from independent biometric sensors typically improves technical performance and reduces risk -- including an improved level of performance where not all biometric measurements are available, so that decisions can be made from any number of biometric measurements within an overall policy on accept/reject thresholds.10 Sources of Data From a theoretical point of view, biometric processes can be combined to give a guaranteed improvement in performance over that of individual biometric devices. Any number of suitably characterized biometric processes can have their decision scores combined in such a way that the multibiometric combination is guaranteed (on average)
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From page 55... ...
. The ISO/IEC report also considers multibiometric systems for different scenarios, including verification, positive identification, and negative identification.12 If the airport access control biometric data fusion projects planned by the TSA follow the guidelines as outlined in the ISO/IEC biometric fusion technical report, the Transportation Security Laboratory (TSL)
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From page 56... ...
Adding data input tasks to the existing tasks of security personnel must be done carefully. As with all changes involving human operators, careful task analysis and human-computer interaction design are required to ensure that performance on all tasks, old and new, is achieved at the highest level.
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From page 57... ...
Individual Transportation Ticket ordering Check in to airport Purchases Security Boarding gate while waiting checkpoint Baggage Technical screening FIGURE 4-3 Data can be fed to later checkpoints to achieve an airport-wide model of data fusion. IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS As discussed in Chapter 2, poorly implemented data fusion will provide no significant improvements.
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From page 58... ...
For example, the opportunities in checked-baggage screening could be modularized through the combination of data from an x-ray CT EDS with an alarmresolution system based on nuclear quadrupole resonance and pulsed fast neutron analysis, discussed in detail earlier in this chapter. This could be implemented through a series of staged deployments in an operational testbed as designated by the TSA and/or at selected airports and tested, calibrated, and improved before broader deployment is attempted.
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