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Appendix C. Glossary
Pages 113-122

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From page 113...
... Catalytic cycle Refers, in these proceedings, to a cycle of chemical reactions, involving several chemical compounds, that results in the destruction of ozone molecules by ionized chlorine atoms. Climate mode!
From page 114...
... Heterogeneous chemistry-A category of chemical reactions that involve both gaseous and liquid ingredients. Ice core data Paleoclimatic temperature data deduced from chemical composition, and its variations with time, of ice samples obtained by vertical drilling in glaciers.
From page 115...
... . Umkehr network-A network of ground-based Dobson instruments that measure ozone concentrations in atmospheric layers.
From page 116...
... An approximately Month periodic reversal of equatorial stratospheric winds between easterly and westerly direction. SAGE Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE T and Il)
From page 117...
... l Index A Administrative issues, 5-6 Aerosols, 28, 32, 46, 87 Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment, results, 64 Aircraft atmospheric measurements, 26-27, 83 chlorine monoxide, 58, 6~61 rocketsondes, 86 Albedo, 98, 100 Albritton, Daniel L., 10-18, 57 Altitudinal effects, 15, 16, 63, 70 Anderson, James G., 27, 30, 56-65 Angell, J K., 89, 90 Antarctica, temperature trends, 90-96, 100 Antarctic ozone depletion, 19-32 Antarctic ozone hole, 10, 16, 72 analysis of, 19-32 causes, 25-32, 49-51, 59-64 Northern Hemisphere counterpart, 76-77 temperature changes due to, 91 Atmospheric and climatic models, 13, 16, 19 accuracy, 77 of circulation, 17, 101-102 117 ozone depletion, 41-43, 58-59, 68-70 stratospheric climate change, 66-78 em also Numerical analyses and models; Prediction and predictive models Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., 68-69, 71 Atmospheric chemistry, 2 antarctic ozone hole, 25-30 chlorinated compounds and 11, 26, 27, 30, 34, 48-55 free radicals, 56-65; Cc also epecipc free radicals heterogeneous chemistry of ozone depletion, 48-55 hydroxyl levels, predictive models, 83 stratosphere, homogeneous gas-phase catalysis in, 56-59 64-65 ultraviolet radiation and ozone creation, 39-40 Atmospheric circulation antarctic ozone hole, 25, 28, 29, 30 gravity waves, 77, 78 models of, 17, 101-102 Northern Hemisphere, 76
From page 118...
... 118 quasi-biennial oscillation, 4041, 46, 87 stratosphere, 12, 13, 15, 57, 70, 72, 73 troposphere, 70, 73 Atmospheric free radicals, 5~65 Atmospheric methane, 79-84 Atmospheric moisture, 54-55 heterogeneous chemistry, 48-55 ice crystals, 30, 32, 49-52, 53-55 stratospheric, 31, 4050, 67, 75, 76, 98, 101 stratospheric water vapor, 67, 73 Atmo~pAcmc Ozom 1985, 38, 67-68 Atmospheric pressure, related to temperature, 92 Atmospheric temperature, 2, 28, 57, 63, 64~5 ice crystallization and, 31, 32 measurement issues, 86-87 methane and global warming, 81 Northern Hemisphere, 89 pressure, atmospheric, and, 92 seasonal variations, 87, 90-91, 99, 100 Southern Hemisphere, 89 stratospheric cooling, 1, 12, 15, 25, 67, 68, 6071, 76, 78, 85-96, 98, 99 tropospheric warming, 1, 13, 15, 55, 68, 72-75, 76, 89, 98, 99 volcanic eruptions and dust, effects, 32, 54-55, 87, 89, 90 Cc alto Greenhouse gas effect B Balloon atmospheric measurements, 58-59 osonesondes, 22-23 radiosondes, 86, 90 Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, 8 Boreal regions, methane outgassing, 83 Bromine oxides, atmospheric concentrations, 27, 29, 30, 59, 63 INDEX C Carbon dioxide, 70 and chlorine compounds, 12-13, 15, 55 measurement of, 5 stratospheric, 68, 99 tropospheric, 99, 100 Carbon monoxide, 83 Catalytic cycle, 11 , 56-59, 63 CFCs, sec Chlorine compounds Chemical Manufacturers Association, 26 Chlorine compounds, in atmosphere, 33-38 and greenhouse gas effect, 17, 66 heterogeneous chemistry of ozone depletion, 32, 48-55 mean life in atmosphere, 34, 36 Mordrcal Protocol, 1017, 19, 31, 36-37 Northern versus Southern Hemisphere levels, 33-34, 36 in ozone layer, 1, 11-17, 24, 25-26, 27-30, 36-38, 48-55 in stratosphere, 36, 48-55, 56-59, 61~4, 67, 68 Chlorine monoxide, 56-58, 59, 60-65 Chlorine nitrate, 48-54, 57, 67 Clark, William C., 4-9 Climatic models, ace Atmospheric and climatic models; Numerical analyses and models; Prediction and predictive models Climatic trends, sec Greenhouse gas effects; Paleoclimatology Clouds ice clouds in stratosphere, 67 stratospheric, 31, 49-50, 67, 75, 76, 98, 101 Committee on Global Change, 8, 9 Condensed-phase chemistry, ace Heterogeneous chemistry Convection, 101 D Dichlorodi~uoromethane, 33-35 Dickinson, Robert E., 98-102 Dobson spectrometry and spectrophotometry, 14, 38, 41, 43, 46
From page 119...
... INDE}f E Barth System Scicnec, A Flour View, 7 El Chichon, 89, 90 El Nina, 90 Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Equatorial zone, 90 tropopause, 73 winds, quasi-biennial oscillation, 40-41,46, 87 F Free radicals, 56-65 8CC ~80 epecipc Cc radices G Gas-phase catalysis, in stratosphere, 56-59,64-65 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, 70,76 Glacial processes, 80, 81 Global atmospheric change, 4-9 Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment (GAGE) , 33,35 Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project, 16 Global trends atmospheric, 4-9 ozone depletion, 10-17,33-46, 66-78 temperature, 85-96 Gravity waves, 77, 78 Greenhouse gas effect, 1-2 chlorofluorocarbons, role in, 17,66 methane and, 81-82 numerical models, predictive, 98-102 stratospheric change projections due to, 66-78 Greenland, 79 Ground-based atmospheric measurements, 14,26,64 Global Atmospheric Gas Experiment, 33,35 of ozone levels, 38-41 of temperature, 89 Umkehr network, 14,46,67 119 H Halocarbons, 1, 28-29,33-46 Halocarbons and ozone depletion, 33-47 Hansen, J., 89, Too Harriss, Robert C., 79-84 Heterogeneous chemical processes, 48-55 Heterogeneous chemistry, and ozone depletion, 32,48-55,56, 76 History, of atmospheric research efforts, 4-7 Hydrogen chloride, 48-54 Hydroxyl, 57-59,81,83 Hypochlorous acid, 53 I Ice albedo and, 100 land and sea, and greenhouse effect, 99, 100, 101 Ice core data Antarctica, 79 Greenland, 79 methane sampling, 79, 80,83 Ice crystals, atmospheric, 30,32, 49-52,53-55,61 International agreements and programs, 4-5,6 Monarch Protocol, 1 0- 17,1 g ,31, 36-37 temperature and pressure measurement calibration, 86 International Council of Scientific Unions, 6 International Geophysical Year, 4-5, 14 International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, 6-7 K Karoly, D
From page 120...
... 86-96 Cc also Aircraft atmospheric measurements; Ground-based atmospheric measurements Meehl, G A., 100 Methane, 29, 30, 73 chlorine compounds and, 12-13, 15, 55, 56-57 dichlorodilluoromethane and trichlorolluoromethane levels, 33-35 as greenhouse gas, 66 outgassing, historical trends and temperature sensitivity, 79-83 Microwave sounding, 90 Models, sec Atmospheric and climatic models; Numerical analyses and models; Prediction and predictive models Molina, Mario J., 48-55, 56 INDEX Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1~17 antarctic ozone hole, 1Q effectiveness, 31, 36-37 scheduling of enforcement and review, 15-16 N National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 7, 25-26, 38, 67-68 National Center for Atmospheric Research, 76 National Climate Program Office, 8 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 25-26 National Research Council, 8 National Science Foundation, 26 Nitrogen compounds, 26, 27-28 in polar vortex, 29, 30 stratospheric, 48-49, 52-54, 57, 59, 64-65, 67 tropospheric, 66-67 Northern Hemisphere chlorine compound levels in atmosphere, 33-34, 36, 63, dynamics of atmosphere, 75-76 nitrogen system stability, 65 ozone levels, 25, 38-39, 43 polar ozone hole, 7~77 temperature trends, 90, 96, 101 Numerical analyses and models, 34, 41-45, 70 general circulation models, 101-102 of greenhouse gas effect, 98-102 Numerical models, 98-102 o Ocean currents, El Nina, 90 Oceans, ecc Sea ice Organizational issues, 7-8 Ozone depletion, 1-2, 67, 68-69 chlorine compounds and, 56, 62-63, 66 halocarbons and, 33-46 heterogeneous chemical processes, 32, 48-5S, 56, 76 measurement of, 38-46, 58-59, 64 and Montreal Protocol, 1~17, 19, 31, 36-37
From page 121...
... J., 89 Satellite measurements, 14, 22, 25, 43, 46, 67, 83, 86, 88 Sea ice, 99, 100, 101 Seasonal variations, 33, 38-39, 41-43 Northern Hemisphere, 63-64, 75 temperature and, 87, 9~91, 99, 100 Cc also Antarctic ozone hole Solar back~catter ultraviolet satellite instrument, 14 Solar-terre~trial interactions, 14, 25, 38-40, 41, 46, 67, 87, 96, 100 Cc also Ultraviolet radiation Solomon, Susan, 26, 27 Southern Hemisphere chlorine compound levels in atmosphere, 33-34 dynamics of atmosphere, 75-76 nitrogen system stability, 65 ozone levels, 20-21, 22-25, 43, 74-75 temperature trends, 89, 90, 96 ace also Antarctica; Antarctic ozone hole Spectrometry, 14, 22, 25, 38, 41, 83 Statistical analyses, 41-45 least squares regression and linear trends, 87-88 Stouffer, R J., 99, 100 Stoppani, Antonio, 4 Stratosphere chlorine compound levels, 36, 37-38, 48-51, 66-58, 59, 61-64
From page 122...
... levels, 33-35 greenhouse gases in, 66, 98, 99 nitrogen in, 66-67 ozone levels, 46 trace gases, 29 warming, 1, 13, 15, 55, 68, 72-75, 76, 89, 98, 99 Tang, K K., 29, 30 U Ultraviolet radiation, 11-12, 15, 87 and antarctic ozone hole, 22, 24, 31 and heterogeneous chemistry of atmosphere, 53 and ozone levels, 39-40, 68 solar backscatter ultraviolet satellite instrument, 14 Umkehr network, 14, 46, 67 Upper atmosphere, arc Stratosphere V Vernadaky, Vladimir, 4, 5 Volcanic eruptions and dust, 32, 54-55, 87, 89, 90 W Washington, W


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