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From page 117... ... , 29 Anthropomorphism, 20, 90 n.1, 36-37 Anxiety-related behavior, 21, 28, 30, 66-67, Age, and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 25, 27, 79 33, 34, 35, 41, 43, 88, 95-96, 105 Anxiolytics, 66, 75, 77 Aggression, 3, 4, 16, 26, 28, 30, 68-69, 96, Arousal reduction hypothesis, 35 97, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 110, Assessment of stress and distress 112 behavioral, 19, 26, 95-100 Alleviating distress. See also Euthanasia considerations in, 4, 18 decision and response algorithm, 43, 75, defining distress and, 3, 18, 88 76 experimental design and, 4, 43 experimental design and, 70-71 information resources, 100-101 recommendations, 6 physiological measures, 19-20 removal of animal from study, 5, 19, 43, process, 43-44, 106-108 75 sampling procedures, 36, 37-38, 39, 60 team approach, 75-78 team approach, 4, 42, 43, 44 treatment modalities, 66, 75-77 tools for, 88, 95-112 117 Read the entire page →
From page 118... ... See Abnormal behavior; Normal Decision and response algorithm, 43, 75, behavior; specific behaviors 76, 101 assessment, 20 Defensive behavior, 36, 41, 99 phenotyping, 104-105 Definitions Brain animal welfare, 17-21 function, 19 n.4, 21, 29, 31-32, 41 and assessment of distress, 3, 18, 88 physiological response to stress, 39-40, distress, 1, 3, 10, 11, 13-14, 15-17, 22, 41, 87 88 size and structure, 28, 52 Read the entire page →
From page 119... ... INDEX 119 stress, 2, 3, 11, 14-15, 22 performance standards, 4 suffer/suffering, 18 pilot studies, 5, 72 well-being, 3 repeated measures approach, 73 Dendritic anatomy, 32 sample size determination, 22, 72-74, 90 Depression, 16, 18, 21, 27, 28, 79 sequential designs, 74 Distress. See also Assessment of stress and statistical analysis, 12, 70, 72-74, 89, 91 distress; Avoiding/minimizing distress; Exploratory behavior, 27, 28-29, 31, 37, 52, Clinical signs of distress 76, 105 acute, 14, 34, 95 and animal welfare, 17-21, 22, 88 behavioral signs, 3, 4, 16, 19, 35, 103 F chronic, 16 Fear response, 18, 19, 28, 30, 40-41, 96, defining, 1, 3, 10, 11, 13-14, 15-17, 22, 99, 103, 104 88 Feeding and food-related behavior, 3, 16, development of, 14 20, 33, 36, 68, 95, 96, 98 in natural settings, 25 pharmacological treatment, 77 predictors of, 88 research implications, 19, 21-22, 63, 65, G 67, 88 Gastric ulcers, 16, 21, 39, 61 transition to, 3, 15-17, 20 Gender, and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 25, DNA methylation, 30 26, 27, 33, 34, 36, 41, 43, 88, 95-96 Dogs, 31, 32, 66, 68, 69, 100, 102, 103 Genetic variability Dopamine, 32 and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 28-29 high-reactor monkeys, 28 rhesus monkeys, 28 E Genetically engineered phenotypes, 28, 29, 31, 66-67, 88-89, 105 Endocrinological changes, 28-29, 34, 36-38 Genotyping, 70 Endpoints Glucocorticoids, 2, 14-15, 16, 30, 36-38 determining/establishing, 72, 88, 111 Glucocorticosteroids, 36-38 enrichment strategies and, 88 Grooming behavior, 7, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, humane, 2, 5, 6, 10, 11-12, 34, 63, 71, 91, 96, 98, 99, 104, 105, 109, 112 88, 111 Growth Enrichment activities, 5, 6, 7, 11, 19, 31, maternal environment and, 31 32-33, 35, 63, 64, 66-67, 69, 75, 77, standardized curves, 25 88, 90, 91, 96 stunted, 17 Ethograms, 26, 52, 95-100 Growth hormone, 38, 58 European Union, Directive on the Protection Guinea pig, 102, 103 of Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, 13-14 Euthanasia, 6, 43, 71, 74, 77, 78, 79, 88, 89 Experimental protocols H and alleviating distress, 5 Habit bypothesis, 35 and assessment of distress, 4, 43 Housing avoiding/minimizing distress through, 5, alleviating distress, 77-78 6, 11-12, 22, 63, 70-74, 90 avoiding/minimizing distress, 11, 18, 19, caloric restriction, 34-35 43, 63, 65-69, 90 control groups, 74, 89 and behavior, 26, 31-33, 35, 99 effect of distress on, 19, 21-22, 63, 65, differential impacts, 3 67, 88 same-sex groups, 31 humans as animal models, 89 Read the entire page →
From page 120... ... , 38, 58 statement of task, 2, 10 Memory, 21, 28 tiered scoring system, 111 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, 29 n.1 Husbandry, 4, 11, 43 Mice avoiding/minimizing distress, 5, 6, 18, behavioral assessment, 88-89, 104, 19, 63, 64, 68, 69-70, 75, 90 105-106 genetically manipulated animals, 89 behavioral signs of distress, 26, 32, 66, prior to euthanasia, 77-78 77, 103 research needs, 89-90 clinical signs of distress, 102 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 30 collagen-induced arthritis model, 111 Hypertension, 3, 16-17 cross-fostered, 29-30 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis enrichment, 32, 66-67 activity, 16, 20-21, 27, 29 n.1, 31, housing, 31, 66, 68, 69 36-37, 38, 40, 68 humane endpoints, 71, 111 Huntington's disease model, 26, 31 husbandry, 89-90 I hyperthermia model, 28 inbred strains, 15, 26, 28, 73, 104 Immunological changes, 3, 4, 14, 16-17, 21, intraspecies differences in response, 15, 31, 34, 37, 41-42, 67 26, 27, 28 Impulse control, impaired, 30 normal behavior, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32 Inflammatory disease models, 75 scoring sheets, 109-110, 111 Institutional Animal Care and Use socialization, 68, 69 Committees, 2, 5, 10, 12, 43, 63, 64, transgenic and knockout models, 28, 29, 75, 79, 89 31, 66-67, 88-89, 105 Interleukin-1, 42 tumor models, 74-75 Mouse Phenome Database, 15 n.1 J Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to N Animal Testing, 8, 92 N-methyl D-aspartate-dependent long-term potentiation-like process, 40 National Center for the Replacement, L Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (UK) Read the entire page →
From page 121... ... abnormal behavior, 25, 26, tools for assessing, 96-112 28-29, 30-31, 32, 96, 112 transgenic and knockout models, 4, 25, pair testing record, 112 26, 29 rearing environment, 30-31 sample collection methods, 70-71 Prolactin, 2, 4, 14, 38, 58-60 O Oxytocin, 38, 58 R Rabbits, 31, 66, 68, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, P 104 Rats Pain, 21 clinical signs of distress, 102-103 addressed separately from distress, 1, 9, cross-fostered, 29-30 10, 11 habituation to test environment, 21 assessment, 102-104 housing, 31, 32, 68 chronic neuropathic, 38 husbandry, 69 clinical signs, 104 normal behavior, 27, 30, 31, 32 markers, 38 physiologic effects of stress, 27, 40, 41 sensitivity, 18, 27, 28, 52 shock stimuli response, 16, 40, 41 Peer rearing, 30-31 socialization, 68 Pharmacological interventions, 66, 75, 77 Rearing and postnatal separation, 25, 29-31 Physiology. See also Brain; Clinical signs of Recognition of stress and distress distress; Neurological changes behavioral correlates, 3-4, 11, 19, 26-36; aging and, 27 see also Abnormal behavior; Normal and behavior, 4, 26, 27, 31, 33 behavior endocrinological changes, 28-29, 34, Recommendations, 6-8, 90-92 36-38 Regulatory requirements, 1, 2, 9-11, 75, 77 immunological changes, 3, 4, 14, 16-17, Regurgitation/rumination, 32 21, 31, 34, 37, 41-42, 67 Research on distress. Read the entire page →
From page 122... ... Government Principles, 9-10, 11, 13, 91 19-20 Stereotypies, 4, 6, 21, 26, 32-33, 35, 77, 88, U.S. Public Health Service Policy for the 95, 96, 105, 106, 107 Humane Care and Use of Animals, Stimulation hypothesis, 35 1,10 Stress acute, 16, 41, 42, 67 assessment of, 4 V behavioral signs, 2, 3-4, 14, 16, 36 Vervet monkeys, 77 chronic mild, 16, 21, 27, 41 Veterinarian's Oath, 18 n.3 definition, 2, 3, 11, 14-15, 22 Vibration, 66 gender differences, 27 Visual acuity, 28, 52, 69 interference in endpoints, 21 Vocalizations, 16, 31, 34, 96, 99, 104, 106 intraspecies differences, 15 physiological effects, 4, 14, 16, 36-42, 87 W response, 2, 4, 13, 14-15, 16, 22, 29 sensitivity level, 29 Well-being transition to distress, 3, 15-17, 20 and animal welfare, 7, 17, 21, 91 "useful" or "good," 16, 22 and distress, 14, 17 Stressors and stress, 2, 14-15, 17 defined, 2, 14 assessment, 18, 95 environmental, 65-66 definition, 3 eustress concept, 15 in primates, 25 processive, 40 stereotypies, 21 systemic, 40 Weight changes, 5, 7, 25, 26, 27, 34-35, 44, Surrogate peer rearing, 30-31 76, 79, 91, 95, 105, 109, 110 Sympathoadrenomedullary system activity, Wisconsin National Primate Center, 112 14, 20-21 Read the entire page →

From page 117...

... , 29 Anthropomorphism, 20, 90 n.1, 36-37 Anxiety-related behavior, 21, 28, 30, 66-67, Age, and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 25, 27, 79 33, 34, 35, 41, 43, 88, 95-96, 105 Anxiolytics, 66, 75, 77 Aggression, 3, 4, 16, 26, 28, 30, 68-69, 96, Arousal reduction hypothesis, 35 97, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 110, Assessment of stress and distress 112 behavioral, 19, 26, 95-100 Alleviating distress. See also Euthanasia considerations in, 4, 18 decision and response algorithm, 43, 75, defining distress and, 3, 18, 88 76 experimental design and, 4, 43 experimental design and, 70-71 information resources, 100-101 recommendations, 6 physiological measures, 19-20 removal of animal from study, 5, 19, 43, process, 43-44, 106-108 75 sampling procedures, 36, 37-38, 39, 60 team approach, 75-78 team approach, 4, 42, 43, 44 treatment modalities, 66, 75-77 tools for, 88, 95-112 117

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From page 118...

... See Abnormal behavior; Normal Decision and response algorithm, 43, 75, behavior; specific behaviors 76, 101 assessment, 20 Defensive behavior, 36, 41, 99 phenotyping, 104-105 Definitions Brain animal welfare, 17-21 function, 19 n.4, 21, 29, 31-32, 41 and assessment of distress, 3, 18, 88 physiological response to stress, 39-40, distress, 1, 3, 10, 11, 13-14, 15-17, 22, 41, 87 88 size and structure, 28, 52

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From page 119...

... INDEX 119 stress, 2, 3, 11, 14-15, 22 performance standards, 4 suffer/suffering, 18 pilot studies, 5, 72 well-being, 3 repeated measures approach, 73 Dendritic anatomy, 32 sample size determination, 22, 72-74, 90 Depression, 16, 18, 21, 27, 28, 79 sequential designs, 74 Distress. See also Assessment of stress and statistical analysis, 12, 70, 72-74, 89, 91 distress; Avoiding/minimizing distress; Exploratory behavior, 27, 28-29, 31, 37, 52, Clinical signs of distress 76, 105 acute, 14, 34, 95 and animal welfare, 17-21, 22, 88 behavioral signs, 3, 4, 16, 19, 35, 103 F chronic, 16 Fear response, 18, 19, 28, 30, 40-41, 96, defining, 1, 3, 10, 11, 13-14, 15-17, 22, 99, 103, 104 88 Feeding and food-related behavior, 3, 16, development of, 14 20, 33, 36, 68, 95, 96, 98 in natural settings, 25 pharmacological treatment, 77 predictors of, 88 research implications, 19, 21-22, 63, 65, G 67, 88 Gastric ulcers, 16, 21, 39, 61 transition to, 3, 15-17, 20 Gender, and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 25, DNA methylation, 30 26, 27, 33, 34, 36, 41, 43, 88, 95-96 Dogs, 31, 32, 66, 68, 69, 100, 102, 103 Genetic variability Dopamine, 32 and distress response, 3, 4, 6, 28-29 high-reactor monkeys, 28 rhesus monkeys, 28 E Genetically engineered phenotypes, 28, 29, 31, 66-67, 88-89, 105 Endocrinological changes, 28-29, 34, 36-38 Genotyping, 70 Endpoints Glucocorticoids, 2, 14-15, 16, 30, 36-38 determining/establishing, 72, 88, 111 Glucocorticosteroids, 36-38 enrichment strategies and, 88 Grooming behavior, 7, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, humane, 2, 5, 6, 10, 11-12, 34, 63, 71, 91, 96, 98, 99, 104, 105, 109, 112 88, 111 Growth Enrichment activities, 5, 6, 7, 11, 19, 31, maternal environment and, 31 32-33, 35, 63, 64, 66-67, 69, 75, 77, standardized curves, 25 88, 90, 91, 96 stunted, 17 Ethograms, 26, 52, 95-100 Growth hormone, 38, 58 European Union, Directive on the Protection Guinea pig, 102, 103 of Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes, 13-14 Euthanasia, 6, 43, 71, 74, 77, 78, 79, 88, 89 Experimental protocols H and alleviating distress, 5 Habit bypothesis, 35 and assessment of distress, 4, 43 Housing avoiding/minimizing distress through, 5, alleviating distress, 77-78 6, 11-12, 22, 63, 70-74, 90 avoiding/minimizing distress, 11, 18, 19, caloric restriction, 34-35 43, 63, 65-69, 90 control groups, 74, 89 and behavior, 26, 31-33, 35, 99 effect of distress on, 19, 21-22, 63, 65, differential impacts, 3 67, 88 same-sex groups, 31 humans as animal models, 89

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From page 120...

... , 38, 58 statement of task, 2, 10 Memory, 21, 28 tiered scoring system, 111 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol, 29 n.1 Husbandry, 4, 11, 43 Mice avoiding/minimizing distress, 5, 6, 18, behavioral assessment, 88-89, 104, 19, 63, 64, 68, 69-70, 75, 90 105-106 genetically manipulated animals, 89 behavioral signs of distress, 26, 32, 66, prior to euthanasia, 77-78 77, 103 research needs, 89-90 clinical signs of distress, 102 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 30 collagen-induced arthritis model, 111 Hypertension, 3, 16-17 cross-fostered, 29-30 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis enrichment, 32, 66-67 activity, 16, 20-21, 27, 29 n.1, 31, housing, 31, 66, 68, 69 36-37, 38, 40, 68 humane endpoints, 71, 111 Huntington's disease model, 26, 31 husbandry, 89-90 I hyperthermia model, 28 inbred strains, 15, 26, 28, 73, 104 Immunological changes, 3, 4, 14, 16-17, 21, intraspecies differences in response, 15, 31, 34, 37, 41-42, 67 26, 27, 28 Impulse control, impaired, 30 normal behavior, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32 Inflammatory disease models, 75 scoring sheets, 109-110, 111 Institutional Animal Care and Use socialization, 68, 69 Committees, 2, 5, 10, 12, 43, 63, 64, transgenic and knockout models, 28, 29, 75, 79, 89 31, 66-67, 88-89, 105 Interleukin-1, 42 tumor models, 74-75 Mouse Phenome Database, 15 n.1 J Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to N Animal Testing, 8, 92 N-methyl D-aspartate-dependent long-term potentiation-like process, 40 National Center for the Replacement, L Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (UK)

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From page 121...

... abnormal behavior, 25, 26, tools for assessing, 96-112 28-29, 30-31, 32, 96, 112 transgenic and knockout models, 4, 25, pair testing record, 112 26, 29 rearing environment, 30-31 sample collection methods, 70-71 Prolactin, 2, 4, 14, 38, 58-60 O Oxytocin, 38, 58 R Rabbits, 31, 66, 68, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, P 104 Rats Pain, 21 clinical signs of distress, 102-103 addressed separately from distress, 1, 9, cross-fostered, 29-30 10, 11 habituation to test environment, 21 assessment, 102-104 housing, 31, 32, 68 chronic neuropathic, 38 husbandry, 69 clinical signs, 104 normal behavior, 27, 30, 31, 32 markers, 38 physiologic effects of stress, 27, 40, 41 sensitivity, 18, 27, 28, 52 shock stimuli response, 16, 40, 41 Peer rearing, 30-31 socialization, 68 Pharmacological interventions, 66, 75, 77 Rearing and postnatal separation, 25, 29-31 Physiology. See also Brain; Clinical signs of Recognition of stress and distress distress; Neurological changes behavioral correlates, 3-4, 11, 19, 26-36; aging and, 27 see also Abnormal behavior; Normal and behavior, 4, 26, 27, 31, 33 behavior endocrinological changes, 28-29, 34, Recommendations, 6-8, 90-92 36-38 Regulatory requirements, 1, 2, 9-11, 75, 77 immunological changes, 3, 4, 14, 16-17, Regurgitation/rumination, 32 21, 31, 34, 37, 41-42, 67 Research on distress.

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From page 122...

... Government Principles, 9-10, 11, 13, 91 19-20 Stereotypies, 4, 6, 21, 26, 32-33, 35, 77, 88, U.S. Public Health Service Policy for the 95, 96, 105, 106, 107 Humane Care and Use of Animals, Stimulation hypothesis, 35 1,10 Stress acute, 16, 41, 42, 67 assessment of, 4 V behavioral signs, 2, 3-4, 14, 16, 36 Vervet monkeys, 77 chronic mild, 16, 21, 27, 41 Veterinarian's Oath, 18 n.3 definition, 2, 3, 11, 14-15, 22 Vibration, 66 gender differences, 27 Visual acuity, 28, 52, 69 interference in endpoints, 21 Vocalizations, 16, 31, 34, 96, 99, 104, 106 intraspecies differences, 15 physiological effects, 4, 14, 16, 36-42, 87 W response, 2, 4, 13, 14-15, 16, 22, 29 sensitivity level, 29 Well-being transition to distress, 3, 15-17, 20 and animal welfare, 7, 17, 21, 91 "useful" or "good," 16, 22 and distress, 14, 17 Stressors and stress, 2, 14-15, 17 defined, 2, 14 assessment, 18, 95 environmental, 65-66 definition, 3 eustress concept, 15 in primates, 25 processive, 40 stereotypies, 21 systemic, 40 Weight changes, 5, 7, 25, 26, 27, 34-35, 44, Surrogate peer rearing, 30-31 76, 79, 91, 95, 105, 109, 110 Sympathoadrenomedullary system activity, Wisconsin National Primate Center, 112 14, 20-21

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Index Pages 117-122

Index
Pages 117-122