Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals (2008) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix: Tools to Monitor and Assess Health Status and Well-Being in Stress and Distress
Appendix: Tools to Monitor and Assess Health Status and Well-Being in Stress and Distress
Pages 95-112
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 95... ...
Because little is known about behavioral changes directly attributed to stress and even less about distress, recognizing stress and distress in laboratory animals based on behavioral changes remains a significant challenge to investigators and animal care staff. Recognition of distress should be derived from intimate knowledge of the species' or strain's normal behavior and may be based on (1)
|
From page 96... ...
Behavioral Categories Recorded Behavior Definitions Aggressive behaviors Facial threat displays Open mouth face ± bared teeth or vocalization Aggressive approach Stiff approach, attacking run Physical aggression Slap, grab, biting, or wrestling Submissive behaviors Facial submissive display Bared teeth grin ± vocalization Avoidance Avoid, flee, leave, displaced Active appeasement Groom present, lip smacking Affiliative behaviors Affiliative contact Contact sit (within arms reach) , embrace, touch Passive grooming Being groomed Active grooming Grooming other animal Sexual behaviors Sexual contact Genital present/inspection, mounting Appetitive behaviors Foraging Food search, eating, drinking Other activities Active Locomotion, enrichment use, self-grooming Abnormal behaviors Abnormal behaviors Stereotypies, autoaggression Inactive Inactive Lying, huddling, sitting, sleeping Vigilance Monitoring others Visually following other individuals Reprinted from Augustsson, A
|
From page 97... ...
Play Play PL Two or more animals lunge, grapple, wrestle, or chase for at least 1 sec in absence of aggression or intense submission; play face may or may not be present Solicit play SP Direct play face toward, pounce on, or initiate grapple with partner, in absence of ongoing play with partner Play face PF Open mouth without retraction of the lips Join play JP Join ongoing play bout between two or more partners End play EP Discontinue all social play for ≥ 3 sec Social play SO Social interactions involving non-aggressive physical contact with other individuals; high activity Infant-associated behaviors Climb on ON Climb onto any part of partner's body so that all four limbs are on partner Solicit climb SC Position body directly above infant and/or pull infant onto on body; may or may not result in infant climbing onto partner's body Climb off OF Voluntary climb off partner's body after having all four limbs on partner Push off/reject PO Prevent juvenile from climbing onto body, or rub or otherwise force juvenile off body Nurse NU Have mouth on female's nipple for ≥ 1 sec End nursing EN Discontinue nursing posture continued
|
From page 98... ...
98 RECOGNITION AND ALLEVIATION OF DISTRESS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS TABLE A-2 Continued Behavior Code Definition Other social behaviors Sniff/nuzzle SN Orient face against or toward partner, excluding anogenital region Anogenital AI Orient face against or toward anogenital region of partner, inspect or use hands or mouth to investigate anogenital region of partner; includes anogenital groom Groom GR Use hands and/or mouth to pick through fur and/or mouth of partner, excluding anogenital region Sexual solicit SS Stare at partner with ear tufts flattened and eyes slit Mount MO Climb on partner's back from behind and grip partner around waist and legs; may be accompanied by pelvic thrusting Initiate huddle IH Establish passive, torso-torso body contact with partner, with both animals remaining stationary and in passive contact for at least 3 sec Leave huddle LH Terminate huddle after at least 3 sec of passive, torso-torso body contact during which both partners remained stationary Object steal OS Take any nonfood object from hands or mouth of partner Attempt object AO Attempt but fail to take nonfood object from hands or mouth of steal partner Food-associated behaviors Food steal ST Take any food from hands or mouth of partner Attempt food AF Attempt but fail to take food from hands or mouth of partner steal Share food SH Eat from a food source from which partner is simultaneously eating or that partner is occupying without removing any food from partner's mouth or hands New food NF Eat from a food source that no other animal is currently holding, eating from, or occupying Individual behaviors Bristle strut BS Arching posture and/or strut locomotion and/or general piloerection Scent mark SM Rub or drag anogenital, suprapubic, or sternal region along substrate, object, or partner Genital present GP Raise tail to expose genitals Object OM Sniff, bite, chew, gouge, handle, pounce on, grapple with, or manipulation otherwise manipulate inanimate object, excluding food items and water bottle, for at least 1 sec Written by Lissa Pabst. From Primate Info Net, Library and Information Service, National P rimate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
|
From page 99... ...
When enough petting has been done the rabbit may push the hand away Head shaking, ear shaking, body shudder -- A shake of the head or body in response to an annoying smell or unwanted handling; often occurs as the rabbit settles down and becomes relaxed enough to begin eating and grooming Courting or circling -- A sexual or social behavior whereby a rabbit circles another rabbit or the feet of a human while softly honking Scratching at the floor -- A rabbit may scratch at the floor with its forepaws in order to get a person's attention or to be picked up Nipping -- Not always done in anger, this can mean ‘move over' or ‘put me down' Presentation -- The head is extended forward with the feet tucked under the body and the chin placed on the floor in order for the rabbit to present itself as subordinate for petting from humans or to be groomed by another rabbit Flattening -- A fear response wherein the rabbit flattens its abdomen onto the floor with ears laid back against the head; the eyes may be bulging Thumping -- A sharp drumming of the hind feet as a warning or an alert to other rabbits of danger; often accompanied by dilation of the pupils and seeking refuge Teeth grinding -- A slower, louder teeth crunching, sometimes seen with bulging of the eyes and usually indicating discomfort, pain, or illness Snorting or growling -- A warning sound, either hissing or a short barking growl, that occurs with aggression or fear and is often seen with the ears flattened against the head and the tail up and in the grunt-lunge-bite sequence Isolation -- When a rabbit that normally seeks attention from its mates and human companions isolates itself and is less active. Such a rabbit should be checked for illness Kicking -- If a rabbit feels insecure when being picked up it will kick violently in an effort to escape.
|
From page 100... ...
:537-542. • Universities Federation for Animal Welfare.
|
From page 101... ...
The following tables showcase the overlapping clinical signs and abnormal behaviors associated both with distress and/or pain in various animal species.
|
From page 102... ...
Raised body temperature; increase in specific gravity of urine and decrease in volume; sweaty paws, pupils dilate, eyes glazed Cat As dog As dog. Circumanal gland discharge: third eyelid may protrude Monkey As dog As dog *
|
From page 103... ...
Penile glances: distinctive or cringing Raised body protrusion; seeks cold bark and extreme temperature; frequent surfaces; submissiveness, increase in urination tail runs away specific gravity between of urine and legs; decrease hangdog in volume; look sweaty paws, pupils dilate, eyes glazed Cat Tucked- Distinctive Ears flattened; in limbs, cry or fear of being hunched hissing and handled; may head and spitting cringe neck Monkey Head Screams Facial grimace Arms across body * Many signs in rats may also be seen in mice.
|
From page 104... ...
As stated in the report, genetically modified mice may exhibit abnormal behaviors, but those behaviors may be characteristic of the background strain or environmental factors rather than a result of genetic modification. Background strain effects are particularly important where new genetic lines are not completely inbred.
|
From page 105... ...
1997. A proposed test battery and constellations of specific behavioral paradigms to investigate the behavioral phenotypes of transgenic and knockout mice.
|
From page 106... ...
SHEET A-2 Investigational screen for toxicology studies Step 1. Daily Cageside Observations This examination is typically performed with the animals in their cages and is designed to detect significant clinical abnormalities that are clearly visible upon a limited examination and to monitor the general health of the animals.
|
From page 107... ...
, abnormal behaviors (e.g., circling, stereotypy) and changes in posture (e.g., arched back, splayed stance)
|
From page 108... ...
Typically, the animal will lift its tail and wrap it around the finger when lightly touched. 1 = Decrease -- does not lift tail, but may briefly hold tail in the air when manually lifted; no response to touch 2 = Typical -- lifts tail when touched 3 = Increase -- lifts tail and acts startled, may turn toward finger in an attack response 2.
|
From page 109... ...
SHEET A-3 General screening and applicability Strain: Start weight Mouse ID: Date: DAY TIME Appearance Inactive, Less active (L) Ataxic Stary coat Dull eyes Huddling Isolated Pinched face Eyes half closed Discharge eyes/nose Not grooming Scratching *
|
From page 110... ...
110 RECOGNITION AND ALLEVIATION OF DISTRESS IN LABORATORY ANIMALS SHEET A-3 Continued Hunched posture Boarding of abdomen Tiptoe walking Handling Aggressive Not inquisitive/alert Crusty eyes/nose Reluctant to move Dehydration/skin tone Vocalisation Hyperactive Bodyweight % weight change from start % weight change previous day Body temperature Treatment Prolapse Overgrown teeth Other NAD Vet/PI contacted Signature: Scoring details * Abnormal breathing: Breaths/min *
|
From page 111... ...
Because more than one person evaluates the animals, some variation among the animal care staff does exist, a fact that should be taken under consideration. SHEET A-4 Establishing humane or surrogate humane endpoints Collagen Mouse Scoring Sheet 0 No reaction 1 Small scab +/- Reddening at tail base 2 Moderate scab +/- Swelling at tail base 3 Extreme scab +/- Swelling up to one third of tail +/- small or superficial ulcer (ligaments not visible)
|
From page 112... ...
Non human primate pair testing record. Wisconsin National Primate Center Pair Testing Record Species Animal IDs Date Project# Initials BHAV: Test#: Time In: Time Out: Test Conclusion: Compatible – will pair Incompatible – will not pair Inconclusive – another test needed Successfully paired / Date paired Shared food: Yes No Aggression demonstrated: Yes No If yes, describe below and note which animal performed/initiated aggressive actions.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.