Neuroscience Biomarkers and Biosignatures Converging Technologies, Emerging Partnerships: Workshop Summary (2008) / Chapter Skim
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2 Potential Tools for Biomarker and Biosignature Development
2 Potential Tools for Biomarker and Biosignature Development
Pages 27-38
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From page 27... ...
In Session II, workshop participants discussed the value of genomics, proteomics, and imaging as tools for biomarker discovery and development.
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From page 28... ...
When SNPs associated with disease are found on particular regions of the chromosome, these SNPs subsequently can be used to pinpoint disease-specific loci to the disease-related gene. An outgrowth of the Human Genome Project and the International HapMap Project, genome-wide scanning has a myriad of applications, including the identification of targets for drug development.
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From page 29... ...
Once the value of genotyping was established, subsequent phases of the clinical trial were redesigned and powered appropriately to ensure that the drug's effects would be realized among patients with the susceptible genotype. Three genotype-specific Phase III clinical trials are in progress for rosiglitazone, noted Roses, with a subset of patients carefully selected by genotype.
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From page 30... ...
Howard Schulman, vice president of R&D of PPD Biomarker Discovery Sciences. Identification of potentially new protein biomarkers of disease first requires extraction of fluids or tissues, protein separation, identification, and quantification of relative levels of protein expression using advanced software.
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From page 31... ...
A major hindrance to protein profiling is the broad dynamic range of protein concentrations found in a complex mixture. To overcome this problem, one approach begins by affinity removal of the 80 percent to 90 percent of the protein mass contributed by the 6 to 12 most abundant proteins.
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From page 32... ...
Schulman pointed out that in Potter's presentation, for example, attitude toward lumbar puncture was suggested to be improved as a result of subjects viewing an educational video that profiled the low risks associated with lumbar punctures. In the case of CNS lymphoma, lumbar punctures are routinely done for cytological tests even though the results are not diagnostic, with lymphoma cells only detected in about 40 percent of the subjects with the cancer.
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From page 33... ...
Reagents for depleting abundant proteins are typically designed for plasma proteins, but proteins in the CSF do not completely overlap with them. Finally, overcoming the public's attitude toward the invasiveness of lumbar puncture is key to CNS biomarker development with proteomics.
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From page 34... ...
. Rosen noted that one of the major successes of the imaging field, which comes from oncology, is a structural biomarker showing tumor volume reduction in not only one but several colon cancer clinical trials.
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From page 35... ...
New research reveals that Alzheimer's disease is indeed distinguishable from normal aging by distinct patterns of thinning in the parietal cortex, posterior hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex―nuclei long associated with Alzheimer's disease. These and related accomplishments are made possible by more sophisticated ways to increase resolution, allowing visualization of individual nuclei or tracts within the brain (Figure 2-2)
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From page 36... ...
A related example is from a study showing that in response to a cognitive task, people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) fail to activate their anterior cingulate nucleus in comparison with normal controls (Bush et al., 1999)
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From page 37... ...
is a nonprofit organization providing a solution to help fast-track drug discovery and development processes for CNS and any other therapeutic areas. RCH was conceived as a vehicle to enable the pharmaceutical industry to share information on radiotracers within a secure environment designed to protect all parties' intellectual property.
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From page 38... ...
Dean F Wong, professor of radiology and psychiatry, vice chair radiology research and section director of high resolution brain imaging at the Johns Hopkins University.
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