Protecting Building Occupants and Operations from Biological and Chemical Airborne Threats A Framework for Decision Making (2007) / Chapter Skim
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6 Deployment and Decision-Making Resources
6 Deployment and Decision-Making Resources
Pages 88-103
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From page 88... ...
For some new buildings, such as those owned by federal agencies and multinational corporations, this process might include a threat assessment and risk analysis (TARA)
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From page 89... ...
Generally, human health risk assessments for biological and chemical threat agents include a risk assessment component that addresses the identification and characterization of agents involved (hazard or threat assessment) , exposure potential for scenarios of interest (exposure or vulnerability assessment)
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From page 90... ...
90 FIGURE 6-1 Elements of risk assessment and risk management of public health to biological and chemical and hazards (NRC, 1983)
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From page 91... ...
Although the discussion below describes these activities separately, they are typically tightly coupled and interdependent. For example, ranking of threat types of concern depends on the determination of vulnerabilities, which in turn depends on the prioritization of mission goals, and so on.
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From page 92... ...
The importance of the number of threat types that affects vulnerability reinforces the introductory comment that the activities of risk assessment are tightly coupled and interdependent. Furthermore, the challenges cited above on the dynamic nature of threat-type characterization equally apply to the vulnerability assessment from the protector's perspective.
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From page 93... ...
, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) , recognize the need for guidance on protection of building occupants from terrorist attacks.
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From page 94... ...
For example, DHS-funded research on assessment approach is conducted by the University of Southern California's Center for Risk and Economic Analysis of Terrorism Events, the University of WisconsinMadison, and other research groups. In 2005, DHS also conducted an extensive biological risk assessment covering many threat agents and many scenarios as directed by Homeland Security Presidential Directive 10 on Biodefense for the 2st Century (White House, 2004)
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From page 95... ...
Figure 6-2 9 FIGURE 6-2 Risk assessment process model (FEMA, 2003)
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From page 96... ...
Furthermore, operation and maintenance costs are known only after a period of actual operation. The entire life-cycle cost1 of a facility is estimated on the basis of the length of time the building is to be in operation.
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From page 97... ...
Pre-design cost budgeting is done from experience and using various public and commercial databases that provide costs per unit area or a similar metric. For unique building types or buildings designed for unusual requirements such as mitigating the effects of biological or chemical airborne threats, such databases do not exist or are not based on a large number of similar buildings.
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From page 98... ...
The rate of inflation applied to the design, procurement, and construction period and the cost to construction contractors of financing also affect the first cost of a building. Even the means of procurement such as design-bid-build versus design-build could produce different cost results for the same building design.
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From page 99... ...
Cost-benefit analysis has played an important role in guiding decisions on human health protection (EPA, 2001) , and methods for analysis have also been developed and used for homeland security applications (SRA, 2006)
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From page 100... ...
ROLE OF TEST BEDS AND DECISION SUPPORT TOOLS IN THE DEPLOYMENT PROCESS An important objective of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA's) Immune Building Program is to provide a workable test bed to further enhance decision making regarding building protection options (DOD, 2006)
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From page 101... ...
Test beds also allow information to be collected to fill existing data gaps, thereby improve the decision-making tools. Examples noted in presentations to the committee included data gaps regarding operations and management costs for building protection options and data on changes in building performance with aging.
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From page 102... ...
Although BPTK or other models could be useful, they might need further validation because only a few operational test beds have been modeled and subsequently tested. Maintaining test bed facilities would provide the opportunity for further testing and refining of interpolative and predictive models.
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From page 103... ...
, adaptable (can be modified quickly to address new information, such as detection technologies) , and adjustable on the basis of needs (addresses the requirements of diverse stakeholders)
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