Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics The Science of the World Around Us (2007) / Chapter Skim
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9 Industrial Laboratories and Research in Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics
9 Industrial Laboratories and Research in Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics
Pages 165-171
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From page 165... ...
founded in 1970 are examples of major corporatefunded laboratories that encouraged large groups to work on long-range research. Breakthroughs such as x-ray tubes, transistors, lasers, cellular telephones, graphical user interfaces, and other technologies that define the beginning of the 21st century were the result, as summarized in histories of the industrial laboratories. Some Nobel Prize–winning contributions from industrial laboratories are summarized in Table 9.1.
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From page 166... ...
Watson Laboratories/ Esaki and Giaever, 1973 GE Laboratories Theory of disordered materials Bell Laboratories Anderson, Mott, and van Vleck, 1977 Cosmic microwave background Bell Laboratories Penzias and Wilson, 1978 radiation Scanning tunneling microscopy IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Binnig and Rohrer, 1986 High-temperature IBM Zurich Research Laboratory Bednorz and Mueller, 1987 superconductivity Quantum Hall effect Bell Laboratories Laughlin, Stormer, and Tsui, 1998 Integrated circuit Texas Instruments Kilby, 2000 SOURCE: See http://nobelprize.org. inventions, such as the transistor from AT&T, the semiconductor diode (or com munications)
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From page 167... ...
Some of today's venture-funded start-up companies are pursuing research models that they hope will be more efficient than the older model of the centralized industrial research laboratory. Through the licensing of intellectual property from universities at low rates and the hiring of the graduate students who generated that intellectual property, these companies strive to translate academic research rapidly into product innovations that they can license to large companies.
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From page 168... ...
Nanoscale Science Research Centers (NSRCs) , which represent an organizational innova tion -- an effort to include university students, faculty, and industrial researchers in government-funded, interdisciplinary centers focused on nanoscience.
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From page 169... ...
in 1982. The SRC cultivated a pivotal cultural change for the semicon ductor business, sharply raising the funding of relevant university research and the transfer of university research results into the semiconductor industry.
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From page 170... ...
Can we as a nation make the organizational and funding mechanisms work well for this new purpose -- for creating scientific and technological breakthroughs and providing future scientific leadership? The national laboratories were not originally formulated to capture commercial eco nomic dominance, and universities historically have existed to advance knowl edge, not to develop new products.
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From page 171... ...
Recommendation Recommendation: The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) should convene a study with participation from the Department of Energy, the Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the physics community, and U.S.
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