Biosafety in the Laboratory Prudent Practices for Handling and Disposal of Infectious Materials (1989) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix A: Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories
Appendix A: Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories
Pages 83-140
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 83... ...
87 Biosafety levels Animal Biosafety levels Importation and interstate shipment of certain 87 88 biomedical materials 89 Section III. Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria ................
|
From page 84... ...
Biological Safety .......... 126 128 Cabinets ~ eeeeeee129 Appendix A.2.
|
From page 85... ...
In some instances the ability of a given arbovirus to produce human disease was first confirmed as the result of unintentional infection of laboratory personnel. Exposure to infectious aerosols was considered the most common source of infection.
|
From page 86... ...
. Safety equipment includes biological safety cabinets and a variety of enclosed containers.
|
From page 87... ...
This laboratory is also appropriate for work with 87 infectious agents or potentially infectious materials when the hazard levels are low and laboratory personnel can be adequately protected by standard labm ratory practice. While work is commonly conducted on the open bench, certain operations are confined to biological safety cabinets.
|
From page 88... ...
All manipulations of potentially infectious diagnostic materials, isolates, and naturally or experimentally infected animals pose a high risk of exposure and infection to laboratory personnel. Lassa fever virus is representative of the microorganisms assigned to Level 4.
|
From page 89... ...
TABLE A.1 Summary of Recommended Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents Biosafety level Practices and techniques Safety equipment None: primary containment provided by adherence to standard laboratory practices during open bench operations Facilities 1 Standard microbiological practices 2 3 Basic Level 1 practices plus: laboratory coats; decontamination of all infectious wastes; limited access; protective gloves and biohazard warning signs as indicated Level 2 practices plus: special laboratory clothing; controlled access Partial containment equipment (i.e., Basic Class I or II Biological Safety Cabinets) used to conduct mechanical and manipulative procedures that have high aerosol potential which may in crease the risk of exposure to per sonnel Partial containment equipment used for Containment all manipulations of infectious material Level 3 practices plus: entrance Maximum containment equipment Maximum through change room where street clo- (i.e., Class III biological safety cabinet containment thing is removed and laboratory clo thing is put on; shower on exit; all wastes are decontaminated on exit from the facility ~ , ~ , _ _ .
|
From page 90... ...
C Containment equipment Special containment equipment is generally not required for manipulations of agents assigned to Biosafety Level 1.
|
From page 91... ...
certain procedures in which infectious aerosols are created are conducted in biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment. The following standard and special practices, safety equipment, and facilities apply to agents assigned to Biosafety Level 2.
|
From page 92... ...
Laboratory personnel have specif~c training in handling pathogenic and potentially lethal agents and are supervised by competent scientists who are experienced in working with these agents. All procedures involving the manipulation of infectious material are conducted within biological safety cabinets or other physical containment devices or by personnel wearing appropriate personal protective clothing and devices.
|
From page 93... ...
7. The work surfaces of biological safety cabinets and other containment equipment are decontaminated when work with infectious materials is finished.
|
From page 94... ...
Exhaust air from Class I or II biological safety cabinets may be recirculated within the laboratory if the cabinet is tested and certified at least every 12 months. If the PA-filtered exhaust air from Class I or II biological safety cabinets is to be discharged to the outside through the building exhaust air system, it is connected to this system in a manner (e.g., Nimble unit connection [801)
|
From page 95... ...
A specific facility operations manual is prepared or adopted. Within work areas of the facility, all activities are confined to Class III biological safety cabinets or Class I or Class II biological safety cabinets used along with one-piece positive-pressure personnel suits ventilated by a life support system.
|
From page 96... ...
C Containment equipment All procedures within the facility with agents assigned to Biosafety Level 4 are conducted in a Class III biological safety cabinet or in Class I or II biological safety cabinets used in conjunction with APPENDIX A one-piece positive-pressure personnel suits ventilated by a life support system.
|
From page 97... ...
If exhaust air from Class I or II biological safety cabinets is discharged into the laboratory, the cabinets are tested and certified at Month intervals. The treated exhaust air from Class III biological safety cabinets is discharged, without recirculation through two sets of HEPAfilters in series, via the facility exhaust air system.
|
From page 98... ...
These four combinations provide increasing levels of protection to personnel and to the environment and are recommended as minimal standards for activities involving infected lab~xamry animals. These four combinations, designated Animal Biosafety Levels 1~, describe animal facilities and practices applicable to work on animals infected with agents assigned to corresponding Biosafety Levels 14.
|
From page 99... ...
7. Special care is taken to avoid skin contamination with infectious materials; gloves should be worn when handling infected animals and when skin contact with infectious materials is unavoidable.
|
From page 100... ...
C Containment equipment Biological safety cabinets, other physical containment devices, and/or personal protective devices (e.g., respirators, face shields)
|
From page 101... ...
Personal protective clothing and equipment and/or other physical containment devices 101 are used for all procedures and manipulations of infectious materials or infected animals.
|
From page 102... ...
is proper. The exhaust air from the animal room that does not pass through biological safety cabinets or other primary containment equipment can be discharged to the outside without being filtered or otherwise treated.
|
From page 103... ...
C Containment equipment Laboratory animals infected with agents assigned to Biosafety Level 4 are housed in a Class III biological safety cabinet or in parrial-containment caging systems (such as open cages placed in ventilated enclosures, solid-wall and -bottom cages covered with filter bonnets, or other equivalent primary containment systems)
|
From page 104... ...
If exhaust air from Class I or II biological safety cabinets is discharged into the animal room, the cabinets are tested and certified at 6month intervals. The treated exhaust air from Class III biological safety cabinets is discharged without recirculation via the facility exhaust air system.
|
From page 105... ...
Propagation and concentration of infectious agents, as occurs in large-scale fermentations, antigen and vaccine production, and a variety of other commercial and research activities, clearly deal with significant masses of infectious agents that are reasonably considered "production quantities." However, in terms of potentially increased risk as a function of the mass of infectious agents, it is not possible to define "production quantities" in finite volumes or concentrations for any given agent. Therefore, the laboratory director must make a risk assessment of the activities conducted and select practices, containment equipment, and facilities appropriate to the risk, irrespective of the volume or concentration of agent involved.
|
From page 106... ...
To use these summaries, fast locate the agent in the listing under the appropriate category of agent. Second, utilize the practices, safety equipment, and Me of facilities recommended for working with clinical materials, cultures of infectious agents, or infected animals recommended in the agent - summary statement and described in Section V
|
From page 107... ...
Depending on the parasite, accidental parenteral inoculation, transmission by arthropod vectors, skin penetration, and ingestion are the primary laboratory hazards. Aerosol or droplet exposure of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth with trophozoites are potential hazards when working with cultures of Naegleria fawleri, Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, or tissue homogenates or blood containing hemoflagellates.
|
From page 108... ...
Biosafety Level 2 and Animal Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for activities with clinical materials, animal tissues, and infected animals. Biosafety Level 3 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for processing mold cultures, soil, and other environmental materials known or likely to contain infectious conidia.
|
From page 109... ...
Recommended precautions. Biosafety Level 2 and Animal Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended, respectively, for activities with known or potentially infectious clinical, environmental, or culture materials and with experimentally infected animals.
|
From page 110... ...
Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for activities using clinical materials and diagnostic quantities of infectious cultures. Animal Biosafety Level 2 practices and facilities are recommended for studies utilizing experimentally infected laboratory rodents.
|
From page 111... ...
Gloves are recommended for the necropsy of birds and mice, the opening of inoculated eggs, and when there is the likelihood of direct skin contact with infected tissues, bubo fluids, and other clinical materials. Additional primary containment and personnel precautions, such as those recommended for Biosafety Level 3, may be indicated for activities with high potential for droplet or aerosol production and for activities involving production quantities or concentrations of infectious materials.
|
From page 112... ...
Direct contact of skin or mucous membranes with infectious matenals, accidental parenteral inoculation, ingestion, and APPENDIX A exposure to aerosols and infectious droplets have resulted in infection. Cultures have been more commonly associated with infection than have clinical materials and infected animals.
|
From page 113... ...
Direct contact of the skin and mucous membranes with infectious materials and accidental parenteral inoculation are the primary laboratory hazards associated with handling infectious clinical materials. Recommended precautions.
|
From page 114... ...
. Direct contact of skin or mucous membranes with infectious materials, ingestion, and accidental parenteral inoculation are the primary laboratory hazards associated with clinical materials and cultures.
|
From page 115... ...
Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for all activities utilizing known or potentially infectious body fluids and tissues. Gloves should be worn when handling, and during necropsy of, infected animals and when there is the likelihood of direct skin contact with infectious materials.
|
From page 116... ...
Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for all activities utilizing known or potentially infectious clinical materials or cultures. Animal Biosafety Level 2 facilities and practices are recommended for activities with experimentally or naturally infected animals.
|
From page 117... ...
Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for all activities involving the handling of potentially infectious clinical materials and cultures. Special care should be taken to avoid the generation of aerosols of infectious materials and during the necropsy of naturally or experimentally infected rodents.
|
From page 118... ...
Biosafety Level 3 practices and facilities are recommended for all other manipulations of known or potentially infectious materials, including necropsy of experimentally infected animals and tnturation of their tissues and inoculation, incubation, and harvesting of embryonated eggs or tissue cultures. Animal Biosafety Level 2 practices and facilities are recommended for activities with infected mammals other than flying squirrels or arthropods.
|
From page 119... ...
Animal Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for activities utilizing naturally or experimentally infected chimpanzees or other nonhuman primates. Gloves should be worn when working with infected animals and when there is the likelihood of skin contact with infectious materials.
|
From page 120... ...
Although there is no definitive evidence that infectious aerosols are a significant source of laboratoryassociated infections, it is prudent to avoid the generation of aerosols during the handling of clinical materials and isolates or during the necropsy of animals. Primary containment devices (e.g., biological safety cabinets)
|
From page 121... ...
Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for all activities utilizing known or potentially infectious body fluids or tissues and for tissue culture passage of mouse brain-passaged strains. All manipulations of known or potentially infectious passage and clinical materials should be conducted in a biological safety cabinet.
|
From page 122... ...
Activities with vaccinia, cowpox, or monkeypox viruses in quantities or concentrations greater than those present in diagnostic cultures may also be conducted by immunized personnel at Biosafety Level 2, provided that all manipulations of viable materials are conducted in Class I or II biological safety cabinets or other primary containment equipment. Agent: Rabies virus Laboratory-associated rabies infections are extremely rare.
|
From page 123... ...
Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for all activities utilizing known or potentially infectious tissues and fluids from naturally infected humans and from experimentally infected animals. Extreme care must be taken to avoid accidental autoinoculation or other traumatic parenteral inoculations of infectious tissues and fluids (463.
|
From page 124... ...
While the primary laboratory hazards are accidental parenteral inoculation, contact of the virus with broken skin or mucous membranes, and bites by infected laboratory rodents or arthropods, infectious aerosols may also be a potential source of infection. Arboviruses Assigned to Biosafety Level 2 Abu Hammad Acado Acara Aguacate Alfuy Almpiwar Amapari Anhanga Anhembi Anopheles A Anopheles B Apeu Apoi Aride Arkonam Aruac Arumowot Aura Avalon Bagaza Bahig Bakau Baku Bandia Bangoran Bangui Banzi Barur Batai Batu Bauline Bebaru Belmont Bertioga Bimiti Birao Bluetongue (indigenous)
|
From page 125... ...
APPENDIX A 125 Chenuda Irituia Lokem Pacui Chilibre Isfahan Lone Star Pahayokee Chobar Itaporanga Lukuni Palyam Gorge Itaqui M'poko Parana CloMor Jamestown Madrid Pata Colorado Tick Canyon Maguan Pathum Thani Fever Japanaut Mahogany Patois Comparta Jerry Slough Hammock Phnom-Penh bat Cotia Johnston Atoll Main Drain Pichinde Cowbone Ridge Joinjakak ~Malakal Pixuna D'Aguilar Juan Diaz Manawa Pongola Dakar Bat Jugra Manzanilla Pretoria Dengue-1 Jurona Mapputa Puchong Dengue-2 Jutiapa Maprik Punta Salinas Dengue-3 Kadam M~o Punta Toro Dengue4 Kaeng khoi Marituba Qalyub Dera Ghazi Khan Kaikalur Matariya Quaranfil Eastern equine Kaisodi Matruh Restan encephalomyeli- Kamese Matucare Rio Bravo tis Kammamavanpet- Melao Rio Grande Edge Hill tai Mermet Ross River Entebbe Bat Kannamangalam Minatitlan Royal Farm Epizootic Kao shuan Mima1 Sabo hemorrhagic Karimabad Mirim Saboya disease Karshi Mitchell River Saint Floris Eubenangee Kasba Modoc Sakhalin Eyach Kemervo Moju Salehabad Flanders Kem Canyon Mono Lake San Angelo Fort Morgan Ketapang Mont. myotis leuk.
|
From page 126... ...
Biosafety Level 2 practices, safety equipment, and facilities are recommended for activities with potentially infectious clinical materials and arthropods and for manipulations of infected tissue cultures, embryonated eggs, and rodents. Infection of newly hatched chickens with eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis viruses is especially hazardous and should be undertaken under Biosafety Level 3 conditions by immunized personnel.
|
From page 127... ...
Biosafety Level 3 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for activities using potentially infectious clinical materials and infected tissue cultures, animals, or arthropods. |27 A licensed attenuated live virus is available for immunization against yellow fever and is recommended for all personnel who work with this agent or with infected animals and for those who enter rooms where He agents or infected animals are present.
|
From page 128... ...
Biosafety Level 4 practices, containment equipment, and facilities are recommended for all activities utilizing known or potentially infectious materials of human, animal, or arthropod origin. Clinical specimens from persons suspected of being infected with one of the agents listed in this summary should be submitted to a laboratory with a Biosafety Level 4 maximum containment facility (22~.
|
From page 129... ...
APPENDIX A.1. BIOLOGICAL SAFETY CABINETS Biological safety cabinets are among the most effective, as well as the most commonly used, primary containment devices in laboratories working with infectious agents.
|
From page 130... ...
. NEW li ~ ~ t ~ ;~1 \ ~\ ~ \\ IL I I I I ~ 11411 ~ , W~ ll Type B FIGURE A.2 Class II biological safety cabinets APPENDIX A Class III.
|
From page 131... ...
The exhaust air from the suit area is filtered by two HEPA units installed in series.
|
From page 132... ...
Newcastle disease virus (velogenic strains) Pseudomonas mallet Rickettsia ruminantium Rift Valley fever virus Rinde~pest virus Swine vesicular disease virus Teschen disease virus Theileria annulata Theileria bovis Theileria hirci Theileria lawrencei ~.
|
From page 133... ...
329-3883 FTS 236-3883 133 National Institutes of Health Attention: Division of Safety Bethesda, MD 20892 Telephone: (301) 496-1357 FTS 496-1357 National Animal Disease Center U.S.
|
From page 134... ...
1975. Laboratory studies of a lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus outbreak in man and laboratory animals.
|
From page 135... ...
1983. Viral hemorrhagic fever: initial management of suspected and confirmed cases.
|
From page 136... ...
1978. Tuberculosis control in nonhuman primates, p.
|
From page 137... ...
1951. Sporotrichosis: clinical and laboratory features and a serologic study in experimental animals and humans.
|
From page 138... ...
1978. Past and present hazards of working with infectious agents.
|
From page 139... ...
18th Biological Safety Conference. Lexington, Kentucky.
|
From page 140... ...
1973. Airborne rabies ~ansmission in a laboratory worker.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.