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1 Introduction
Pages 13-23

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From page 13...
... In the past 30+ years, the nation has experienced energy price controls and decontrols, deregulation of natural gas and electricity, at least three oil price spikes, and one oil price crash. During this time, national energy policy has been created and modified through numerous acts of Congress and executive orders.
From page 14...
... Dollars per Million Btu 8 6 4 Crude Oil 2 Coal Natural Gas 0 50 60 70 80 90 00 19 19 19 19 19 20 FIGURE 1.1 Fossil fuel production prices for 1949-2005. ‘Chained Dollars' are calculated to express real prices relative to a particular reference year (2000 in this case)
From page 15...
... has grown rapidly since 1970, while production from underground coal mines, located largely in the interior eastern part of the country, has remained approximately constant (figure 1.6)
From page 16...
... . 1-2 40 Petroleum 30 Quadrillion Btu Natural Gas 20 Coal 10 Nuclear Electric Power Hydroelectric Power Biomass 0 50 60 70 80 90 00 19 19 19 19 19 20 FIguRE 1.3 Total domestic energy consumption by major source, 1949-2005.
From page 17...
... . 1-4 Western Appalachian Interior FIguRE 1.5 Major coal-producing regions in the United States.
From page 18...
... coal use by sector, showing the continued and steep rise in coal use for electric power generation as other uses have declined.
From page 19...
... was to broadly examine coal R&D, recognizing that it is an essential component of an appropriate, integrated roadmap for our nation's future energy needs. The analysis would allow policy makers to gauge the success of past research activities, gain a clearer understanding of the research being undertaken throughout the entire coal cycle, and provide updated and expanded information to better prioritize investment and policy needs within the coal sector.
From page 20...
... Air force for the Department of Defense, Office of Advanced Systems and Concepts; the Energy Information Administration (EIA) and National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL)
From page 21...
... Early in the process, the committee queried the all-encompassing nature of the statement of task, which might be interpreted as an invitation to undertake a highly detailed study resulting in a lengthy and comprehensive report covering all aspects of coal production and use. In response, representatives from the offices of Senators Byrd and Specter emphasized to the committee that the advice sought by the congressional mandate was to be broad in scope and insightful, but with limited detail and abundant references to existing more comprehensive studies that address specific topics.
From page 22...
... The R&D activities associated with each stage Minemouth 149 Truck Processing in the coal fuel cycle are then discussed Losses fully in subsequent chapters: more Underground Mining Coke APPALACHIAN Imports RESERVES Exports Other Industry • The first stage of the coal fuel cycle is geological exploration to establish PREPARATION the resource base of coal reserves. Although current estimates of minable coal SCALES tonnage represented by thickness 15 150 75 Reserves Flows Operations (Gt)
From page 23...
... As well as a brief analysis of R&D issues associated with coal utilization, Chapter 6 also discusses environmental concerns associated with coal-fired power plants. Chapter 7 summarizes future projections for coal production and use, notes two important societal issues -- community impacts and workforce demographics -- that cut across the coal fuel cycle, and presents an outline of current federal support for coal-related R&D.


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