Parole, Desistance from Crime, and Community Integration (2008) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
6 Conclusions, Recommendation, and Research Agenda
6 Conclusions, Recommendation, and Research Agenda
Pages 72-82
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From page 72... ...
This is not the same as saying that "nothing works" in reducing recidivism or increasing desistance (Farabee, 2005; Martinson, 1974) ; existing research knowledge is too thin to support that strong conclusion.
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From page 73... ...
The need for more rigorous research methods in evaluating both prerelease and postrelease programs is beyond dispute, but the use of random designs does raise ethical questions in an environment that combines intervention and social control objectives. For example, a positive drug test typically triggers a sanction in most jurisdictions.
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From page 74... ...
Selection may play a major role; past failure at reentry predicts future failure. It also is possible that parole authorities and the police supervise and watch "two-time losers" more closely or are less willing to overlook any violations of their parole contracts.
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From page 75... ...
Parole supervision appears to reduce the recidivism rates of parolees who are comparatively low risk (e.g., women and parolees with shorter criminal records) , but has little effect on the recidivism rate of higher risk parolees (Solomon, 2005, 2006)
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From page 76... ...
It is clear that treatment for substance abuse is more effective in reducing recidivism in combination with criminal justice supervision than either treatment or supervision alone. Criminal offenders under legal pressure to undergo substance abuse treatment have higher attendance rates and remain in treatment longer than those entering treatment voluntarily (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2006)
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From page 77... ...
Understanding Parole Heterogeneity Early Failure Early failure is a high research priority if recidivism is to be reduced and desistance supported and encouraged. Does the fact that much recidivism occurs in the first days after release mean that people predisposed to fail usually fail quickly or that those days are especially risky for all released prisoners?
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From page 78... ...
Should prison and parole authorities consider relocating released prisoners away from communities with high levels of crime or other characteristics that impede desistance? Should such relocation strategies be considered only for released prisoners who do not have strong family or other social ties to their "home" communities?
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From page 79... ...
that are effective with all parolees? How effective in reducing recidivism and increasing desistance from crime are "triage" approaches that concentrate services and treatments on lower risk parolees and intensify supervision for higher risk released prisoners?
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From page 80... ...
Are low-level sanctions, such as short stays in jail, for violating the conditions of parole effective in reducing the commission of new crimes? Should such sanctions be graduated in severity for subsequent violations, or are constant sanctions as effective as graduated sanctions in maintaining compliance with parole requirements and desistance from crime?
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From page 81... ...
System Incentives What types of incentives are most effective in improving the morale and performance of parole officers and system response to released prisoners? Would a regime that ties organizational rewards to improved monitoring, service delivery, and compliance with parole requirements spur organizational innovation?
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From page 82... ...
Given the paucity of rigorous evidence about the effectiveness of many intervention programs or the motivation underlying individual change, the committee can offer only limited advice about what specific form some of these programs should take. Cognitive-behavioral approaches have strong scientific support and the committee believes that they should be widely implemented and continually evaluated, especially taking account of program implementation issues.
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