Earth Observations from Space The First 50 Years of Scientific Achievements (2008) / Chapter Skim
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3 Weather
3 Weather
Pages 18-25
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From page 18... ...
in the 1930s yielded Fundamentally, weather forecasting is a four-dimensional measurements that resulted in major advances in weather problem, involving three spatial dimensions and time. The forecasting by adding the crucial vertical dimension to air that is now affecting point B was yesterday at point A meteorological observations.
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From page 19... ...
. Geostationary satellites rapidly became the choice of weather services worldwide, such that today they form a ring around the equator, providing coverage of the entire tropics and midlatitudes.
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at 1402 UTC on July 21, 1970. Note that Tropical Storm Becky can be seen in the Gulf of Mexico near Florida.
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1975) for estimating the intensity of tropical cyclones, which Radio occultation provides another way to measure ranks storms between 1 and 8 based on wind speed and other atmospheric temperature profiles.
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From page 22... ...
example of the vertically integrated water vapor content of Finally, there are several other atmospheric parameters the atmosphere over the ocean measured through clouds in retrieved from satellite data that are useful to forecasters and the microwave portion of the spectrum. These images are are beginning to be used in numerical weather prediction used by forecasters to monitor tongues of moisture from the models.
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From page 23... ...
Today, satellite data constitute the vast majority of the data available NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION for the initialization of numerical weather prediction models There are several reasons why Arago was wrong in and has the greatest impact of any measuring technology 1846 and why today weather can be forecasted as much as in improving forecast skill. Table 3.1 lists the satellite data 10 days ahead: currently used to initialize models run by NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)
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From page 24... ...
-- the difference between northern hemisphere TRMM precipitation rates forecasts and southern hemisphere forecasts has steadily SSM/I ocean surface wind speeds decreased, and the overall forecast skill has increased to the ERS-2 ocean surface wind vectors QuikScat ocean surface wind vectors point that global 7-day forecasts are now as good as northern AVHRR SST hemisphere 5-day forecasts were 25 years ago. AVHRR vegetation fraction In addition, tests at NCEP show that data from just one AVHRR surface type satellite instrument, the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit Multisatellite snow cover (AMSU)
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From page 25... ...
WEATHER 25 FIGURE 3.8 Anomaly correlation of 500 hPa height forecasts by the European Centre for Medium Range Forecasting. SOURCE: Updated from Simmons and Hollingsworth (2002)
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