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10 The Los Angeles Experience
Pages 275-300

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From page 275...
... Los Angeles had also annexed a small strip of land along the San Pedro Bay, which had been selected by a federal panel to be the site for development of a major port, which in 1907 was officially founded as the Port of Los Angeles (POLA, 2007)
From page 276...
... . The post-World War II economic boom was characterized by lateral development into the San Fernando Valley, enabled by the creation of a freeway system which would grow to become one of the world's largest.
From page 277...
... In 1967, California's Legislature passed the Mulford-Carrell Act, which combined two Department of Health bureaus -- the Bureau of Air Sanitation and the Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board -- to establish the California Air Resources Board (CARB)
From page 278...
... 278 ENERGY FUTURES AND URBAN AIR POLLUTION FIGURE 10-2  Photograph of the Pasadena Freeway, 1950s.
From page 279...
... in 1996. In 1999, the Board amended and adopted Low-Emission Vehicle regulations, known as LEVII, which set stringent emission standards for most minivans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles, to reduce emissions of these vehicles to the level of emissions from passenger cars by 2007.
From page 280...
... . The SoCAB consists of most of this area and is the air quality jurisdiction for the South Coast Air Quality Management District.
From page 281...
... identified the Catalina Eddy, a counterclockwise mesoscale circulation within the Southern California Bight, as a mechanism for transporting air pollution. This eddy circulation transports pollutants from the SoCAB to Ventura County, especially after the SoCAB
From page 282...
... The Los Angeles Air Basin's carrying capacity (an estimate of the maximum atmospheric burden a region can have and still attain air quality standards) per capita is five times less than Houston's (36 versus 181 lbs VOC and NOx/person/year)
From page 283...
... CARB calculates that California gains $3 in health benefits for every $1 it currently invests in air pollution control. On-road mobile sources are the single largest source category for ozone precursor pollutants, accounting for about 64, 45, and 69 percent of average daily NOX, VOC, and CO, respectively.
From page 284...
... . The number of days exceeding the more stringent California Ambient Air Quality Standard of 0.09 ppm for a maximum hourly average declined from 210 in 1980 to 115 in 2000.
From page 285...
... THE LOS ANGELES EXPERIENCE 285 8000 7000 6000 Short Tons per Day 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 On-Road Mobile Sources Stationary Sources Off-Road Mobile Sources Area-Wide Sources FIGURE 10-5  Statewide ROG emission trend. 6000 10-5 5000 Short Tons per Day 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 On-Road Mobile Sources Stationary Sources Off-Road Mobile Sources Area-Wide Sources FIGURE 10-6  Statewide NOx emission trend.
From page 286...
... Due to advances in vehicle technology, it is now possible to reduce such emissions without sacrificing performance or other desirable vehicle attributes. In 2004, CARB adopted regulations that reduce greenhouse gases emitted by passenger vehicles and light trucks, although this measure is being litigated by the automotive industry.
From page 287...
... Los Angeles and Southern California in general are highly reliant on petroleum and natural gas for their energy needs. Petroleum accounts for approximately 47 percent of energy consumption (mostly for transportation fuels)
From page 288...
... Both utilities have set goals of reaching renewable energy generation targets of 20 percent by 2010; SCE's 10-8 targets are guided by California's Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) , which mandates that investor-owned utilities achieve specific renewable energy targets,
From page 289...
... was established by the Legislature in 1974 to address the energy challenges facing the state. Created by the Warren-Alquist Act which was signed into law by then-Governor Ronald R ­ eagan, the Energy Commission is the state's principal energy policy and planning organization.
From page 290...
... As noted above, California's air pollution control program began in 1959, when the California Motor Vehicle Pollution Control Board was created. Subsequently, under the Federal Air Quality Act of 1967, California was granted a waiver to adopt and enforce its own emission standards for new vehicles, in recognition of California's unique air quality need to set more stringent emission control requirements compared to the rest of the nation.
From page 291...
... For example, the California Legislature recently passed a bill to give CARB the authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020, a 30 percent reduction from business as usual. The governor of California, with the consent of the State Senate, appoints the 11 members of CARB.
From page 292...
... However, since motor vehicles account for more than half of this region's pollution, a surcharge was added in 1991 to the vehicle registration fee. Part of the surcharge goes to the SCAQMD to be used for air quality improvements involving mobile sources such as those promoting ridesharing, developing clean fuels, and as grants for programs intended to reduce vehicle emissions.
From page 293...
... Underlying this science-based approach is the willingness to move ahead in the face of some uncertainties. Industrial sources must use the best available control technology to achieve the greatest feasible emission reductions.
From page 294...
... In 1992 the Toxic Air Contaminant Identification and Control Act was further amended to integrate rules from the federal Clean Air Act. In some ways, this has been the most effective of Los Angeles' air pollution control programs, with at least 50 percent reductions in diesel PM, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, hexavalent chromium, perchloroethylene, and others during the 1990s.
From page 295...
... Duty 0.4 NOx LDV LEV CI HDDE Truck 2.4g HDDE 5g HDD 4-Stroke Lawn Off-Rd Motorcycle NTE & ESC Test 0 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 Board Hearing Year FIGURE 10-9  Timeline of CARB ozone precursor control costs.
From page 296...
... . Despite significant progress, Los Angeles' ozone and PM2.5 levels are still among the highest in the United States, and per capita energy usage and greenhouse gas emissions are factors of 2-5 above those in European countries.
From page 297...
... Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board, Planning and Technical Support Division. CEC (California Energy Commission)
From page 298...
... 1977. California South Coast Air Basin Hourly Wind Flow Patterns.
From page 299...
... ARB-R 84-236. Sacramento: California Air Resources Board.


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