Energy Futures and Urban Air Pollution Challenges for China and the United States (2008) / Chapter Skim
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11 The Dalian Experience
11 The Dalian Experience
Pages 301-320
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Karst and coastal erosion landforms mark the lower terrain. The urban district extends along the valley area and is slowly expanding into the surrounding hillsides.
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Such areas encourage foreign investment and provide opportunities to adopt innovative practices. The Dalian Environmental Protection Bureau, established in 1985, divides Dalian into three divisions for the purpose of environmental management: the city center (123 km2)
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confirmed Dalian as the Asia-Pacific Region's Leading Urban Governance Model City. In 2001, Dalian received the UN Environment Program's "Global 500 Award" and the UN's Human Habitat Award.
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SOURCES AND LEVELS OF AIR POLLUTION Currently, the Dalian air quality monitoring network includes 10 stations that monitor inhalable particulate matter (PM10) , sulfur dioxide (SO2)
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shows that the major pollutant is PM10 in all seasons, with elevated SO2 and CO concentrations during winter. TABLE 11-1 Sample Daily Air Quality Report from Dalian Environmental Protection Bureau Date: 06-30-2006 District API Main Pollutant Air Quality Xinghaisanzhan 60~70 PM10 Very Good Ganjingzi 70~80 PM10 Very Good QingniwaBridge 60~70 PM10 Very Good Fujiazhuang 40~50 None Excellent Qixianning 50~60 PM10 Very Good Lushun 50~60 PM10 Very Good Jinzhou 50~60 PM10 Very Good Development zone 60~70 PM10 Very Good Zhoushuizi 60~70 PM10 Very Good Jinshitan 40~50 None Excellent TABLE 11-2 Summary of Annual Exceedances of Air Pollutants from 2001 to 2005 (percent)
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Figure 11-4 shows a decreasing trend for total suspended particulate (TSP) with compliance to the Class II standard achieved after 1996.
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THE DALIAN EXPERIENCE 307 0.50 0.40 TSP PM10 TSP-PM10 (mg/m3 ) 0.30 Class II TSP 0.20 Class II PM10 0.10 0.00 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 FIGURE 11-4 Trends of TSP and PM10 concentrations in Dalian since 1985.
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Table 11-4 shows that the top 29 sources accounted for 75.3 percent of total emissions. The thermoelectric power industry accounted for 49.5 percent and the petrochemical industry accounted for 25.8 percent of industrial SO 2 emissions, whereas the cement industry contributed to 23.4 percent of industrial TSP.
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It is home to many large state-owned enterprises such as the Dalian Second Power Plant, the Dalian and Xiaoyetian cement plants, the Dalian Steel and Chemical Corporations, and the Dalian Oil Plant. Prevailing northerly winds during winter transport air pollution to the city center.
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310 ENERGY FUTURES AND URBAN AIR POLLUTION 20 700 SO2 600 COAL COAL CONSUMPTION 10 4 tce 15 500 SO EMISSION (10kt) 400 10 300 2 200 5 100 0 0 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 FIGURE 11-8 Relationship between industrial coal consumption and SO2 emissions (1985-2005)
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The installed capacity was 2,416 MW. TABLE 11-5 Energy Consumption Intensity National World Unit Dalian Liaoning Beijing Average Average Energy Tce/capita 2003 2.16 -- 3.64 1.14 2.05 consumption per capita GDP energy Tce/10000 Yuan GDP 0.60 1.83 0.80 1.22 2.5 consumption 2005 Fuel Oil 9.8% Gasoline Refinery and Diesel Dry Gas 32.5% 8.4% Syngas 1.2% Coke 1.8% Heat 6.8% LPG 2.5% Coal Power 17.9% 19.0% FIGURE 11-10 Main terminal energy consumption 11-10
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District heating is the primary means of heating in Dalian, and it is provided by steam from central heating plants. City heating, industrial purposes, and cooling utilize 80 percent, 18 percent, and 2 percent, respectively, of the total steam production from these plants.
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Renewable and clean energy sources are being explored, such as biogas, straw biomass conversion, wind power generation, solar energy water heaters, and seawater heat pumps. Energy conversion levels are low and energy efficiency needs to be improved, particularly since electric power consumption has been increasing rapidly.
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thermoelectric plants have dismantled inefficient boilers and promoted central heating. In 2004, there were 37 districts receiving central heating, covering an area of 12 million m2; 1,194 boilers and 887 chimneys were removed and the central to non-central heating ratio for downtown districts reached 74 percent (DEPB, 2005)
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Approximately half of Dalian's residents utilize public transportation for trips in the city, and though this share is beginning to give way to increased personal vehicle use, the government has invested $232 million to construct a light rail transit (LRT) network, in order to better serve urban areas and to guide future urban growth, with planned extensions nearing completion (Liu and Yang, 2006)
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2010(b) 2020 Terminal coal consumption 1.48 1.44 0.60 0.40 0.11 Coke 0.16 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.20 Oil-fired 0.87 0.72 0.50 0.30 0.23 Gasoline, diesel, and coal oil 2.90 3.64 2.73 2.35 3.15 LNG 0.21 0.39 4.91 5.46 11.38 Coal consumption for power generation 5.68 6.43 9.00 9.11 11.48 Other electricity 0.22 0.22 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gross 11.52 13.04 18.04 17.82 26.54 Energy growth rate per year (percent)
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The central to non-central heating ratio of the city center will surpass 85 percent by 2010 and will reach 70 percent in the three northern cities and Changhai County. • Improve pollution-control equipment.
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Dalian seeks to decrease its reliance on coal while increasing electrification, gas-fired power generation, and central heating. The first planned LNG receiving station (expected to handle 3 million tons annually by 2009)
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Dalian's proactive approach to guiding urban development has thus far allowed it to maintain a high percentage of public transportation use, though this will likely be a primary challenge in coming years as the development zones expand. From 1990 to 2000, Dalian's sprawl expanded some at the fringe of the existing urban district, but also in a linear fashion to the northeast, along Dalian Bay (Deng et al., 2005)
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Dalian is focusing on air quality research to support dust control policies, but it will also benefit from research on PM2.5, which is primarily from combustion sources. Having a better understanding of the ratio of PM2.5 to total PM, as well as its sources, will help Dalian develop effective strategies to protect human health.
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