Violence Prevention in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Finding a Place on the Global Agenda: Workshop Summary (2008) / Chapter Skim
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3 Why the World Should Care About Violence Prevention
3 Why the World Should Care About Violence Prevention
Pages 22-35
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From page 22... ...
For example, a definition used in the criminal justice system for arrests and convictions may be different from that used in a social services system. An important point is that a useful definition of violence should not be so broad as to lose its meaning, but should capture the range of acts of those who engage in violence and the subjective experiences of victims.
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From page 23... ...
tools of public health can be applied to address some aspects of both interpersonal and collective violence. Presentations by Etienne Krug, Irvin Waller, Bernice van Bronkhorst, and James Garbarino explored violence prevention from several different perspectives -- health, criminal justice, economic development, and human development.
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From page 24... ...
While these events did not result in death, there are long-term mental health consequences including depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia; unwanted pregnancies; exposure Years of potential life lost (YPLL) is a measure of premature mortality and is presented for persons under 75 years of age because the average life expectancy in the United States is over 75 years.
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From page 25... ...
In fact, multiple risk factors for both individuals (being male, previous experience with violence, alcohol and substance use, family environment with poor parenting, or marital conflict) and communities (high concentrations of poverty; widespread violence in society; alcohol and substance use, access to weapons; and high rates of social, justice, economic, and gender inequalities)
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From page 26... ...
The primary recommendation of the WHO report called for a focus on primary prevention at all of the levels of an ecological model -- working with individuals, families, communities, and societies -- to address the root causes of violence versus a criminal justice focus on incarceration. Other recommendations called for countries to develop a national plan of action that emphasized increasing data collection capacity and strengthening research into the costs and causes of prevention; promoting gender and social equality; and strengthening victim care and support services.
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From page 27... ...
He challenged the group to imagine the effect that corruption and other issues of poor policing would have on the reporting rate in LMICs. He also noted that even when violence is addressed through a criminal justice perspective, there are innovative initiatives, such as the all-female police stations in a province in Southern India with 16 million people that can help victims report crimes and increase cooperation with law enforcement.
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From page 28... ...
Dr. Waller proposed that the real solution for addressing violence is a term he called "second re-prevention" -- focusing on addressing risk factors for more immediate, significant reductions in violence, while simultaneously addressing longer-term factors such as elimination of poverty and creating gender equity.
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From page 29... ...
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE Ms. Bernice van Bronkhorst focused her presentation on the economic costs of violence in the Caribbean as noted in a joint report of the World Bank and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC-WB, 2007)
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From page 30... ...
Together, they can have a significant effect when they prevent people from either participating in social activities or engaging in activities that might facilitate a change in an individual's socioeconomic status, such as attending night classes or working a night shift that may pay a higher wage. For intimate partner violence, studies in Haiti, Peru, and Central America found that women generally earn less than non-victims, have lower productivity, have less access to neonatal services, and are more likely to be anemic.
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From page 31... ...
She mentioned that, using this approach, researchers found the cost of violence in Jamaica to be 3.7 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) , including business, health, and criminal justice costs, but not private security costs.
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From page 32... ...
An accurate estimation of the costs of violence in LMICs is therefore imperative to the violence prevention agenda. With respect to intimate partner violence, they cite lost earnings and opportunity costs extrapolated to U.S.
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From page 33... ...
Among children who are abused and had the gene turned off, nearly 85 percent developed chronic patterns of aggression with acting-out behavior and violating the rights of others -- consistent with a diagnosis of conduct disorder in Version IV of the Diagnostics and Statistical Manual. Compared to abused children with the gene turned on, only 42 percent developed the same pattern of aggression and antisocial violence, demonstrating that biological vulnerability doubles the likelihood of abused children developing chronic patterns of aggression.
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From page 34... ...
He and his colleagues conducted research on Palestinian children, and their findings supported the notion that the context in which the trauma occurred has a lot to do with the prognosis for child development. The results of the children's test responses fell into three categories: passive victimization, violent revenge, and a sort of prosocial revenge.
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From page 35... ...
There was also lengthy discussion about the positive and negative effects and use of television programming either to incite aggressive behavior or to educate and provide population-level messages about violence prevention.
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