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From page 177... ... reported findings of pleural effusion, severe pulmonary congestion, and pulmonary edema in rats that died following exposure to nickel carbonyl. Therefore, the 30-minute exposure to 2.17 ppm was considered a reasonable estimate of an exposure that may cause pulmonary damage in the mouse (most sensitive species tested) Read the entire page →
From page 178... ... Based upon data from mice, rats, and cats, these investigators estimated that the lethality of nickel carbonyl was directly proportional to body weight to the 2/3 power. Human exposure reports suggest a wide range of nonlethal responses to acute exposure to nickel carbonyl as well as a characteristic latency period between initial exposure and subsequent, more serious effects. Read the entire page →
From page 179... ... Analysis of these data also suggested that the larger species were somewhat less sensitive regarding the lethal response to nickel carbonyl following acute inhalation exposure. The AEGL-3 values were derived from mouse lethality data, the most sensitive species tested. Read the entire page →
From page 180... ... The revised IDLH for nickel carbonyl is 2 ppm based on being 2,000 times the current OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) Read the entire page →
From page 181... ... Both human and animal data affirm the progressive toxicity of nickel carbonyl following a single exposure and the inherent asymptomatic latency between initial exposure and more severe and often lethal effects. Analysis of occupational exposure data based upon area samples of workers exposed to nickel carbonyl indicated that minor respiratory effects (altered spirometric indices) Read the entire page →
From page 182... ... 1991. IRIS Summaries for nickel subsulfide, nickel refinery dust and nickel carbonyl. Read the entire page →
From page 183... ... IX. Carcinogenesis in rats exposed to nickel carbonyl. Read the entire page →
From page 184... ... Because of the lack of appropriate data, AEGL-1 values could not be determined, and due to the extreme toxicity of nickel carbonyl and the documented latency between relatively asymptomatic exposures and severe toxicity, are not recommended. Absence of an AEGL-1 value does not imply that exposure below the AEGL-2 concentration is without adverse effects. Read the entire page →
From page 185... ... Although intraspecies variability is difficult to assess based upon available data, an uncertainty factor of 3 was applied with the assumption that neither the effects of nickel carbonyl on pulmonary tissues nor dosimetry would vary greatly among individuals. Additionally, the occupational exposure data reported by Shi et al. Read the entire page →
From page 186... ... Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 6 C1 x 8 hours = 1.09 ppm⋅hour 8-hour AEGL-2 C = 0.136 ppm 8-hour AEGL-2 = 0.136 ppm/30 = 0.0045 ppm (0.031 mg/m3) 186 Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 187... ... For this reason, and because the available LC50 values vary approximately 8-fold, the total uncertainty adjustment of 10 is weighted towards the uncertainty in individual sensitivity to nickel carbonyl exposure. Data are unavailable to definitively apportion adjustment between inter- and intraspecies uncertainty. Read the entire page →
From page 188... ... specifically stated that nickel carbonyl was considered unlikely to be involved in causing cancers among nickel refinery workers. 188 Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 189... ... Expected Lethal Dose Values LC0.1 1.814 Prepublication Copy 189 Read the entire page →
From page 190... ... * EFFECT \| o 50.06+ \| 13.71+ \| 2.46 + \| 0.40 + \| 0.06 + \| 0.01 + -- -+ -- -- + -- -- + -- -- + -- -- + -- -- + -- -- + -- -- + -- -- + -- -- + 67.0 76.9 88.3 101 116 133 153 176 202 232 266 190 Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 191... ... LC0.1 0.000 LC1.0 0.000 LC5.0 0.000 LC10 0.000 LC25 0.013 LC50 0.246 LC75 4.596 LC90 85.860 LC99 511.48 Prepublication Copy 191 Read the entire page →
From page 192... ... Exposure to 6.51 ppm resulted in the death of 2/15 mice. Although no pathology examinations were performed on the mice, lethal exposure of rats to nickel carbonyl caused severe pulmonary edema, pulmonary congestion, and pleural effusion. Read the entire page →
From page 193... ... For this reason, and because the available LC50 values vary approximately 8-fold, the total uncertainty adjustment of 10 is weighted towards the uncertainty in individual sensitivity to nickel carbonyl exposure. Data are unavailable to definitively apportion adjustment between inter- and intraspecies uncertainty. Read the entire page →
From page 194... ... Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, Volume 6 APPENDIX E CATEGORY PLOT FOR NICKEL CARBONYL AEGLS Chemical Toxicity - TSD All Data Nickel Carbonyl 1000 Human - No Effect Human - Discomfort 100 Human - Disabling 10 Animal - No Effect ppm 1 Animal - Discomfort Animal - Disabling 0 AEGL-3 Animal - Some Lethality AEGL-2 0 Animal - Lethal 0 AEGL 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 Minutes FIGURE 9-1 Chemical Toxicity TSD all Data Nickel Carbonyl. 194 Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 195... ... . Prepublication Copy 195 Read the entire page →
From page 196... ... An uncertainty factor of 3 was applied to account for interspecies variability since lethality data from rats, mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs suggest little species variability. An uncertainty factor of 10 was applied to account for intraspecies variability since the human data suggest that children may be more sensitive than adults when exposed to presumably similar phosphine concentrations (total UF = 30) Read the entire page →
From page 197... ... 7803-51-2 WHO 1989 Chemical formula PH3 WHO 1989 Molecular weight 34.00 Budavari 1989 Physical state Gas WHO 1988 Vapor pressure Braker and Mossman 1980 41.3 atm at 20°C Vapor density 1.17 WHO 1988 Melting/boiling point WHO 1988 -133.5°C/-87.4°C Solubility in water WHO 1989 2.5% v/v at 20°C 1 mg/m3 = 0.71 ppm Conversion factors in air WHO 1989 1 ppm = 1.41 mg/m3 Prepublication Copy 197 Read the entire page →
From page 198... ... One of the two exposed children died (age 2 years) , and post-mortem examination revealed congestive heart failure, focal myocardial necrosis with mononuclear infiltrates and fragmented fibers, inflamed mitral and aortic valves, pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, desquamated respiratory epithelium with alveoli thickened by hemolyzed red cells, congested capillaries, an enlarged spleen, and aspirated gastrointestinal contents. Read the entire page →
From page 199... ... In another occupational exposure, three grain inspectors were instantaneously exposed to approximately 159 Prepublication Copy 199 Read the entire page →
From page 200... ... Common clinical signs are headache, nausea, vomiting, coughing, shortness of breath, paresthesia, weakness, tremors, and jaundice. Pulmonary 200 Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 201... ... for male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. No deaths occurred in rats exposed to 18 ppm phosphine for 6 hours, suggesting a steep concentration-response curve. Read the entire page →
From page 202... ... Rats Groups of five Sprague-Dawley rats/sex were exposed to target phosphine concentrations of 0, 1, 5, or 26 ppm (actual concentrations 0, 1.3, 6.0, or 28 ppm, respectively) for 6 hours, while additional groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to target concentrations of 0, 3, 12, or 18 ppm phosphine (actual concentrations 0, 3.1, 10, or 18 ppm, respectively) Read the entire page →
From page 203... ... . Statistically significant increases in stable chromosomal aberrations were observed only in male rats exposed to 3.1, 6.0, and 18 ppm phosphine. Read the entire page →
From page 204... ... None of the rats died as a result of phosphine exposure. Male rats exposed to 5 ppm phosphine had decreased (21-29%) Read the entire page →
From page 205... ... . Rats exposed to 2.5, 5.0, or 10 ppm phosphine for 6 hours exhibited a red nasal discharge (Newton et al. Read the entire page →
From page 206... ... . 206 Prepublication Copy Read the entire page →
From page 207... ... Nonlethal effects observed were more severe than those defined by AEGL-1, and furthermore, no reliable exposure parameters were available. Prepublication Copy 207 Read the entire page →
From page 208... ... No human or animal data are consistent with the effects defined by AEGL-1. The fact that lethality has been observed in animals exposed to phosphine concentrations below the odor threshold (1.5- 200 ppm, dependent on impurities) Read the entire page →

From page 177...

... reported findings of pleural effusion, severe pulmonary congestion, and pulmonary edema in rats that died following exposure to nickel carbonyl. Therefore, the 30-minute exposure to 2.17 ppm was considered a reasonable estimate of an exposure that may cause pulmonary damage in the mouse (most sensitive species tested)