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Membrane Processes to Address the Global Challenge of Desalination--Amy E. Childress
Membrane Processes to Address the Global Challenge of Desalination--Amy E. Childress
Pages 125-134
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From page 125... ...
The salinity in inland regions may be due to the presence of soils formed from marine sediments left behind by retreating seas, the weathering of rock minerals, or the deposition of oceanic salt onto the land by wind or rain. Some inland regions have naturally elevated salinity levels due to environmental features, such as mineral springs, carbonate deposits, salt deposits, and seawater intrusion.
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From page 126... ...
Furthermore, as concerns about water scarcity and quality continue to grow, the research and engineering of economic and environmentally friendly desalination systems will continue to grow at a tremendous rate. DESALINATION: FROM ITS ANCIENT ROOTS TO ITS CURRENT PROMINENCE The roots of desalination can be traced back to the fourth century BC, when Aristotle and Hippocrates described the process of evaporating saltwater to produce freshwater (Service, 2006)
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From page 127... ...
MEMBRANE DISTILLATION AND FORWARD OSMOSIS: INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DESALINATION APPLICATIONS MD is a temperature-driven separation process involving the transport of mass and heat through a hydrophobic, microporous membrane. The driving force for mass transfer in direct contact MD (DCMD)
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From page 128... ...
and has been used to desalinate feed streams ranging from brackish water to brine (McCutcheon et al., 2005; Martinetti et al., 2007. DIRECT POTABLE REUSE: THE FRONTIER MD and FO have been investigated together in a hybrid system designed for direct potable reuse in long-term space missions.
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From page 129... ...
Reprinted with permission from Elsevier. lunar missions or a human Mars exploration mission, depend on a water treatment system that recovers potable water 2 Childress generated on board a Fig from wastewater spacecraft or in the planetary habitat.
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From page 130... ...
130 FRONTIERS OF ENGINEERING T FO DS WW T Analytical Balance FIGURE 3 Schematics of forward osmosis concentration process. Source: Holloway et al., 2007.
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From page 131... ...
These results are not only pertinent to NASA's DOC system but they also have implications for terrestrial wastewater treatment applications. Terrestrially, much less emphasis is currently being placed on wastewater reclamation than on seawater desalination for direct potable water treatment.
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From page 132... ...
Because energy and water are inextricably bound, energy usage and production must be considered when evaluating water and wastewater treatment processes. Thus, a major objective of all desalination investigations should be to reduce energy costs and to explore opportunities for energy production.
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From page 133... ...
For developed countries a combination of these technologies with existing desalination practices may bring the goal of direct potable reuse closer to a reality and make the goal of zero liquid discharge more cost-efficient. REFERENCES Banat, F
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From page 134... ...
2007. Novel application of membrane distillation and forward osmosis for brackish water desalination.
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