Managing Materials for a Twenty-first Century Military (2008) / Chapter Skim
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From page 41... ...
the lack of substitutes for the defense applications in which the materials are incorporated. Defense-critical materials that meet all or a significant subset of these criteria have been (or should be)
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PREPUBLICATION COPY SUBJECT TO EDITORIAL CORRECTIONS Zhong, Ziran.
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As such, the defense strategy for the 1990s, as outlined in the 1992 National Military Strategy (NMS) , called for a 1 50 U.S.C.
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Interestingly, as explained in the NMS, the stockpiling of critical materials was an integral part of this plan:3 Preserving the potential for expansion of air, ground, and maritime forces will require extraordinary foresight and political courage to lay away infrastructure, stockpile critical materials, protect the defense industrial base, sustain a cadre of quality leaders, and invest in basic science and high-payoff technologies. Reconstitution also requires important decisions based on early strategic warning.
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From page 45... ...
structure our strategic planning and decision-making." These are an active, layered defense, 4 For a comprehensive argument outlining DoD's interests in supporting a dual-use, globally sourced defense industrial base, see Defense Science Board, Final Report of the Defense Science Board Task Force on Globalization and Security (Defense Science Board Task Force on Globalization and Security, 1999) 5 The 1-4-2-1 construct is formally referenced in the 2004 National Military Strategy, a product of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in support of the National Security Strategy (a White House document)
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DOD STRATEGY DOD STOCKPILE REPORTS TO CONGRESS Number of Reported Stockpile Stockpile Elements Approach Stockpile Assumptions Requirements Base Force Strategic Deterrence & Reconstitution o Indefinite duration 1989: 48 o (1989-1992) Defense included as an conflict Forward Presence explicit part of o Requirements modeled 1992: 20 o Crisis Response strategy to for first 3 years o Reconstitution hedge against o 1 year warning time o potential (1989-91)
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are much more unpredictable in terms of impact and response time. Our adversaries may attack vulnerable nodes and links in our military supply chain and disrupt our operational effectiveness and sustainability.
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PREPUBLICATION COPY SUBJECT TO EDITORIAL CORRECTIONS Irregular Catastrophic Non-state and state actors employing unconventional Terrorist or rogue state employment of WMD or methods methods to counter stronger state opponents. (erode our producing WMD-like effects against American interests.
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An important change in military planning in recent years that is relevant to the concept of a materials stockpile is that the idea of reconstituting (and mobilizing the domestic industrial base) is no longer mentioned in the current strategy documents.
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Computer Component Element or Mineral Source of Element Compound Used CRT Monitor - Phosphorescent Coating -Transition Metal ZnS - Zinc Sulfide Zn, S Sulfur, Hemmimorphite, Zincite, Smithsonite, Franklenite Ag - Silver Ag Ag, Pyrargyrite, Cerargyrite Cl - Chlorine Cl Halite Al - Aluminum Al Bauxite Cu - Copper Cu Chalcopyrite, Boronite, Enargite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, chalcocite Au - Gold Au Au Y2O2S - Yittrium Sulfate Y Eu - Europium Eu 4-8
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S - Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Cd Zn2SiO4:Mn, As - ZincSilicate, As Realgar, Orpiment, Niccolite, Cobalite, Arsenopyrite, Manganese, Arsenic Tetrahedrite Gd2O2S:Tb - Gadolinium Gd, Tb Sulfate:Tebrium Y2SiO12:Ce - Yitrium Silicate: Cerium Ce Monzanite, Orthite CRT Monitor Glass Pb - Lead Pb Galena, cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite SiO2 Si Quartz Plastic Case, Keyboard Thermoplastic - Polypropylene, PVC CaCO2 _additive Ca Calcite, gypsum, apatite, aragonite TiO2 - White Pigment Ti Rutile, Ilmenite, Titanite Amonium Polyphosphate P Apetite, Pyromorphite, Wavellite LCD, Liquid Crystal Display Monitors Pb - Lead Pb Galena, cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite Thin Film Transistors Si Quartz Ferro Electric Liquid Crystal Fe Hematite Indium Tin Oxide Sn Cassiterite, In Sphalerite (Commonly found with Zinc) Metal Case Iron Fe Magnetite, Limonite Flat Screen Plasma Display Monitors Glass Si Quartz Pb - Lead Pb Galena, cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite ZnS - Zinc Sulfide Zn, S Sulfur, Hemmimorphite, Zincite, Smithsonite, Franklenite Ag - Silver Ag Ag, Pyrargyrite, Cerargyrite Cl - Chlorine Cl Halite Al - Aluminum Al Bauxite Cu - Copper Cu Chalcopyrite, Boronite, Enargite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, chalcocite Au - Gold Au Au Y2O2S - Yittrium Sulfate Y Euxenite Eu - Europium Eu Euxenite 4-9
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From page 52... ...
S - Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Cd Zn2SiO4:Mn, As - ZincSilicate, As Realgar, Orpiment, Niccolite, Cobalite, Arsenopyrite, Manganese, Arsenic Tetrahedrite Gd2O2S:Tb - Gadolinium Gd, Tb Sulfate:Tebrium Y2SiO12:Ce - Yitrium Silicate: Cerium Ce Monzanite, Orthite Printed Circuit Boards, Computer Chips Silicon Si Quartz Cu - Copper Cu Chalcopyrite, Boronite, Enargite, cuprite, malachite, azurite, chrysocolla, chalcocite Au - Gold Au Au Ag - Silver Ag Ag, Pyrargyrite, Cerargyrite Tin Sn Cassiterite, Al - Aluminum Al Bauxite It was not possible as part of the current study to do a comprehensive assessment of materials needs, either current or future, nor to fully digest the various sources of critical materials definitions, including the DoD's Military Critical Technologies List (MCTL)
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From page 53... ...
. Net Import Material/Metal Uses Reliance % Aluminum Aluminum alloys in airplanes, aerospace, marine applications, food cans 44 Arsenic Semiconductors, pyrotechnics, insecticides 100 Eb Beryllium Military optics and guidance systems Bismuth Magnets, nuclear reactors, thermoelectrics, ceramic glazes 96 Cerium catalytic converter substrates Chrome Specialty steels Chromium Steels, catalyst, magnetic tape, plating 75 Cobalt Specialty steels; medium or high temperature fuel cells 81 Columbium Specialty steels 100 Copper Wire, electromagnets, circuit boards, switches, magnetrons 40 Europium & others display phosphors Gadolinium – magnetic refrigeration Gallium Optoelectronics, integrated circuits, dopant, photovoltaics 99 Indium Semiconductors, metalorganics, light-emitting diodes 100 Lanthanum catalytic converter substrates Lithium Batteries >50 Magnesium Airplanes, missiles, autos, photography, pharmaceuticals 54 Manganese Specialty steels 100 Molybdenum Specialty steels E Neodymium High strength magnets; laser dopant Nickel Specialty steels; superalloys for jet engine parts 60 80a Platinum Catalytic converters – reduction of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons Electronic and photonic devices 100 Quartz Crystals (high purity)
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From page 54... ...
These issues and topics are not mentioned in any specific priority. They are meant to be purely illustrative of the diverse and complex web of technologies and materials that in the integral make up an intricate portrait of defense materials needs now and into the future.
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