Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants Volume 2 (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Vent-fog precipitators are used in the engine room to remove oil mists generated there. Other means of minimizing air contaminants include restricting the materials that can be brought on board and limiting the types of activities, such as welding, that can be conducted at sea.
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Introduction Prepublication Copy 9 FIGURE 1-1 Generalized schematic of a nuclear-powered attack submarine. Source: Adapted from image courtesy of the Smithsonian/NMAH Transportation.
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. To the best of the committee's knowledge, the data used were not obtained from uninformed subjects or by force or coercion.
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. Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels NRC (1986b)
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Each chapter presents the relevant toxicologic and epidemiologic studies of a substance with selected chemical and physical properties, toxicokinetic and mechanistic data, and published regulatory and guidance levels for inhalation exposure. The committee's recommendations for exposure guidance levels and the research needed to define and support the recommendations are provided.
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Presentation at the First Meeting on Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants, January 23, 2003, Washington, DC.
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14 Prepublication Copy Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants NRC (National Research Council)
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The committee's recommendations for ammonia exposure levels are provided at the end of this chapter with a discussion of the adequacy of the data for defining the levels and the research needed to fill the remaining data gaps. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Ammonia is a corrosive alkaline gas at room temperature (Budavari et al.
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Average global ammonia concentrations are estimated to range from 0.6 ppb to 3 ppb (ATSDR 2004)
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reported on the death of one of seven workers exposed to ammonia for an undefined duration in an industrial accident. The autopsy report noted marked laryngeal edema, acute congestion, pulmonary edema, and denudation of the bronchial epithelium.
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Exposure Duration Informed Naïve Informed Naïve Informed Naïve Informed Naive Smell: ½h 2.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.2 3.0 2.0 3.8 1h 2.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.0 4.0 2h 2.0 3.0 1.5 3.0 2.1 3.0 2.0 WD Eye irritation: ½h 1.5 0.8 1.6 1.6 2.7 2.6 3.0 3.0 1h 1.5 0.8 1.7 1.6 2.7 2.5 2.9 3.2 2h 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.3 WD Throat irritation: ½h 0.5 0.5 0.8 1.1 1.4 2.0 1.0 3.8 1h 0.5 0.7 1.0 1.5 1.4 2.6 1.3 4.5 2h 0.7 1.6 0.8 2.0 1.0 3.0 1.2 WD Urge to cough: ½h 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.7 0.6 2.3 1h 0.2 0.1 0.5 1.0 0.7 2.0 0.9 1.8 2h 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.5 0.5 2.0 0.6 WD General discomfort: ½h 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 1.0 0.0 2.5 1h 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.2 1.0 0.0 3.3 2h 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.2 0.3 1.8 0.0 WD a Based on a scale of 0-5: 0 = "no sensation," 1 = "just perceptible," 2 = "distinctly perceptible," 3 = "nuisance," 4 = "offensive," 5 = "unbearable." b Informed subjects were academically familiar with the effects of ammonia but not accustomed to regular exposure to it; naive subjects were unfamiliar with literature documenting effects and had not experienced regular exposure. See Table 2-3 for additional details of experimental protocol.
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; healthy adults, 21-47 years old; Ihrig et al. 2006 smoking history unreported; n = 43 Subjects examined by physician before and after exposure; tear-flow rates measured with paper strips; lung-function examinations included bronchial responsiveness; individual attention, reaction time, and powers of concentration tested at end of each exposure day; "no relevant effects of the ammonia exposure in these physical and neurophysiological examination could be found" Median rank of olfactory symptoms 0.5 (less than 1 = "hardly at all")
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