Pay Equity Empirical Inquiries (1989) / Chapter Skim
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6. Comparable Worth, Occupational Labor Markets, and Occupational Earnings: Results from the 1980 Census
6. Comparable Worth, Occupational Labor Markets, and Occupational Earnings: Results from the 1980 Census
Pages 134-152
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From page 134... ...
Bielby, 1984; Bielby and Baron, 1984~. One branch of the literature, that concerning the existence and functioning of occupational labor markets, appears particularly relevant to thinking on comparable worth.
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From page 135... ...
There is an obvious, although generally ignored, connection between ideas concerning the impact of external market forces on wage setting and sociological notions involving the structure and functioning of occupational labor markets. Following work by institutional economists such as Dunlop (1957)
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From page 136... ...
Stuc3ies within the comparable worth tradition, for example, document the impact that the percentage female has on occupational earnings, independent of job content, and attribute that influence to discrimination. The contribution of Sto~zenberg's thinking on occupational market social organization to studies of comparable worth is that it broadens the concern with nonproductivity factors to incorporate other variables.
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From page 137... ...
Turning to the social organization of occupational markets, although several studies find that the percentage female does influence earnings, I extend the investigation of the social organization of markets in three directions. First, racial composition is an important and relatively neglecter]
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From page 138... ...
Several studies have found that the sex composition of jobs or occupations affects pay levels (England and Farkas, 1986; Hodge and Hodge, 1965; Remick, 1984~. Even recent analyses, however, (licI not systematically evaluate the effect on earnings of market conditions influencing supply or demand, nor did they utilize the notion of occupational market social organization to expand the focus of nonproductivity characteristics beyond percentage female.
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From page 139... ...
They fount] predictable zero-order relationships between occupational earnings and measures of occupational market conditions, such as reserve labor pool and unemployment rate, as well as with aspects of market social organization, such as percentage nonwhite, percentage of female occupational incumbents married, and percentage of male occupational incumbents married.
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From page 140... ...
Indicators of market social organization that apply to the ECLF include percent female, percent black, percent Spanish speaking, and percent Asian. To tap the concepts relevant to family and work, I include the percentage of male employe(l
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From page 141... ...
Negative relationships include those with unemployment rate, reserve labor pool, and percents female, black, and Spanish speaking. Second, inspection
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143 C~ C~ C~ C~ C~ C~ 0 0 0 0 c~ O oo ir: ~ c~ X ~ ~ 0 ~ CD .
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From page 144... ...
There are clear relationships, for example, between the percentages of female and racial minority incumbents and indicators of market conditions; these relationships suggest the possibility of explaining the often-found negative relationships between percent minority and earnings in terms of the occupational labor market conditions analyzed here. Note that the higher the percentages of blacks and Spanish-speaking incumbents, the higher the unemployment and reserve labor pool, and that percent female is negatively associate(l with unemployment but strongly associated with reserve labor pool.
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From page 146... ...
Interestingly, four additional social organization characteristics of occupational labor markets also attain statistical significance. Percent males married exerts a sizable, positive effect on the depen(lent variable and the effect of percent females married is negative, albeit of smaller impact.
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From page 147... ...
Female earnings are negatively affected by percents Spanish speaking and selfemployed, and positively affected by percents Asian an(l urban. These findings suggest that although years of schooling dominates the equations for annualized earnings presented in both Tables 6-2 and 6-3, a variety of labor market characteristics are important to the prediction of male and female annualized earnings, even when schooling is controlle(l.
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From page 148... ...
The first is a conceptualization of occupational market effects on earnings that enhances thinking within "the new structuraTism" in sociology and also contributes to thinking on comparable worth. PAY EQUITY: EMPIRICAL INQUIRIES Drawing on Sto~zenberg's notions of occupational labor markets, the analysis suggests a theoretical framework for unclerstan(ling occupational earnings that highlights three types of factors: job content, characteristics of occupational labor market conditions influencing potential supply and deman(l, and occupational labor market social .
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From page 149... ...
Male and female annualized earnings, however, were best understood by considering the fuller range of market and social organization factors. In acIdition to the factors affecting annualizecI earnings, male annualized earnings was positively affected by percent males marriecl an(l by the size of the reserve labor pool.
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From page 150... ...
This finding reflects an additional basis for discrimination independent of percent female, and it may suggest that processes of job allocation, promotion, an(l salary increases within establishments work against women when proportions of males married within occupations are high. That female annualized earning attainment is also influenced preclictably by concentrations of racial minorities again reinforces the notion that percent female is but one dimension of market social organization that affects female earnings attainment.
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From page 151... ...
W Mueller 1983 Ascription and Labor Markets: Race and Sex Differences in Earnings.
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From page 152... ...
W Mueller 1986 Comparable Worth and Occupational Labor Market Explanations of Occupational Earnings Differentials.
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