Wake Turbulence An Obstacle to Increased Air Traffic Capacity (2008) / Chapter Skim
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to assess federal wake turbulence research and development (R&D) programs to address whether the federal R&D goals and objectives were well defined, whether there were any deficiencies in them, and what roles should be played by each of the relevant federal agencies: NASA, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
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In many cases, these wake vortex separation requirements do not allow taking advantage of reduced separation standards enabled by satellite and other new technologies. In the past, the focus of wake turbulence research was aimed at improving safety.
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The details of this assessment should vary based on the impact any new aircraft is expected to have on the system, with large and heavy aircraft receiving more emphasis than small ones in terms of data requirements. Organizational challenges: Federal wake turbulence research needs leadership To best support a national approach to overcoming wake turbulence challenges, there needs to be a simple and clearly defined goal, agreed to and understood by all participants.
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The FAA is responsible for the establishment of civil aviation safety standards and implementation of air transportation system changes, and therefore has an interest in all phenomena that affect safety, including wake turbulence. The JPDO has the ability to coordinate research, but as a planning agency it does not have the necessary executive power or budget authority.
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The committee found as follows (Findings 2-3, 2-4, and 2-5) : The change in aeronautics research priorities at NASA has led to a gap in the wake turbulence program as previously envisioned; present federal investment does not place sufficient priority on wake turbulence research to achieve the results called for by NextGen goals; and NASA expertise is well-aligned to conducting medium- to long-term fundamental research, including wake vortex modeling and wake vortex alleviation work, while the FAA does not currently have such expertise.
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Operators and controllers should be included in the process of designing, implementing, and evaluating wake turbulence-related changes to the air transportation system. The JPDO has an important role in assisting in the definition of federal wake turbulence research.
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Vortex alleviation has the potential to significantly impact aircraft spacing requirements in the long term. Vortex alleviation ideas, including configuration changes and active and passive forcing, should be explored.
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Wake Vortex Measurement Research and development of high-resolution sensors to support wake vortex modeling efforts has stalled since the late 1990s. Sensors are needed to measure aircraft wake vortices as well as meteorological conditions for inputs into wake vortex and weather prediction models.
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the actual realizable benefits of wake turbulence solutions will be known, and (3) key constraints can be identified and NextGen capacity goals can be achieved.
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. For the technical challenges that do not suggest a specific agency, the FAA should manage the program, utilizing resources such as WakeNet USA, a support network including academia, industry, and various federal research centers that coordinates federal wake turbulence research.
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Wake turbulence research should pursue multiple tracks, with the goal of a robust, stable program that will provide continuing reductions in aircraft spacing as new ideas and technologies are developed and proven. Recommendation 4-2.
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Term Medium priority Level of effort Safety analysis and hazard Supporting Studies boundaries Gather event data System-level study of benefit Enabling Research Weather forecasting Modeling Measurement CSPA procedures Capacity Enhancers Spacing Recategorization Systems Dynamic spacing Visualization Alleviation FIGURE S-1 Recommended priority and level of effort for wake turbulence challenges. Height of each bar indicates level of effort.
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SUMMARY 13 TABLE S-1 Deliverables Short Term Medium Term Long Term Conservative hazard Fleetwide simulation Refined and tested hazard boundary capabilities for gate- boundary Outreach efforts to to-gate operations Pilot training for wake aviation community All-weather wake vortex vortex Wake turbulence measurement system System-level simulations encounter reporting Airborne wake vortex with effects of system sensor uncertainty System-level simulations Wake vortex High-resolution, all of arrival/departure measurement weather wake vortex with operational network measurement system scenarios, weather Conditional spacing High-resolution, all scenarios, fleet mixes, reduction to CSPA at weather wake vortex and airport layouts selected airports measurement network Weather data needs Conditional spacing coordinated with reduction to CSPA at all WRF effort airports Probabilistic wake vortex Conditional spacing model reduction for single runway approaches at selected airports Visualization systemsa Alleviation methods and devicesa Dynamic spacinga NOTE: WRF, Weather Research and Forecasting; CSPA, closely spaced parallel approach. aResearch would be completed in the long term, but deliverable would not yet be a vailable.
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14 WAKE TURBULENCE -- AN OBSTACLE TO INCREASED AIR TRAFFIC CAPACITY TABLE S-2 Evaluation Metrics Metrics Supporting studies Number of parameters included in analysis Amount of data collected Variety of data collected Computational efficiency of models Applicability to flight simulators for pilot training Enabling research Temporal and spatial resolution Low uncertainty Weather tolerance Accuracy in the characterization of Lateral wake location Vertical wake location Wake strength Meteorological conditions Speed Computational efficiency Time response of measurement systems Capacity enhancers Capacity provided Delays reduced Cost Precision Accuracy Predictability (Will you know how much capacity you have?
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