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6 Mitigating the Impact of Attacks on the Power System
Pages 55-68

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From page 55...
... As 1. Planning and operational design of the system to the sophistication of various technologies grows, the evolv- withstand simultaneous multiple outages; ing electric power system can be guided toward an even more 2.
From page 56...
... power electronics-based equipment, and other solutions such as prioritized modernization of power plant and substation To date, NERC standards have given little consideration to equipment, including emergency control and protection are scenarios in which multiple facilities are destroyed by terror- urgently needed.9 ists. In the future it may be prudent to design and operate bulk power systems to withstand multiple outages (Category D)
From page 57...
... For example, a Power System Protective Relaying buswork or circuit breaker failure can cause complete substation outage with one bus configuration, but no loss of con- The electric power system consists of expensive gennectivity with another. Appendix F compares four common erators, apparatus, and lines that can quickly be damaged bus configurations and indicates their relative advantages and or destroyed as a result of short circuits (faults)
From page 58...
... New digital relays with advanced communi- · Improved control philosophies and strategies for mul cations and information sharing capability coupled tiple contingency events occurring in close time prox to control and information systems can decrease the imity. Such improvements could address situations probability of cascading failures as a consequence of in which the proper operations of relays in response multiple protection system operations.
From page 59...
... include wireless sensor network technology for detection of The mechanical failures resulting from malicious attacks mechanical failures in transmission lines, such as conducon a transmission line are similar to extreme natural events tor failure, tower collapses, hot spots, extreme mechanical affecting a transmission line. Thus, work done in the latter conditions, and so on.
From page 60...
... required is implementation of industry best practices, priori The following are some of the examples of automatic tized upgrading of old analog controls, and development and controls the committee has identified: implementation of wide-area controls. · Techniques for shedding load and generation to FIGURE 6.2 POWER SYSTEM OPERATIONS AND ENERGY enhance power system dynamic response capa MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS bilities, including simple and low-cost approaches to avoiding voltage collapse; In North America, the bulk power system is monitored · Techniques for maintaining proper transmission net- and managed at energy control centers, also called SCADA work voltage profiles; EMSs or simply energy management systems (EMSs)
From page 61...
... grid but no coordinator covers the whole Western or Eastern Although some automatic controls, like automatic generaInterconnection, and coordinators do not always have direct tion control, are part of an EMS, the main function of the control of their portion of the grid. No single entity has the EMS is to allow the operator to monitor the present condition full real-time view of either the Western or the Eastern Inter- of the system (including alarming and analysis of the present connections, but some balancing authorities and reliability conditions)
From page 62...
... . For an operator in the control center, gets distributed across a large geographic region, the sooner the primary indication is that the circuit breakers operated the malicious nature of the event was uncovered, the quickly to open and isolate the transmission line.
From page 63...
... Once electric power has been ground cable, multiple feeds to the customer with automatic transmitted in bulk over transmission lines, it is delivered to switching, loop circuits whereby customers can be switched distribution or bulk power delivery substations where it is from one feeder to the next, and other forms of redundancy distributed to customers. Distribution substations consist of significantly improve reliability at additional expense.
From page 64...
... ligent electronic devices can be applied to monitor Through the use of automated distribution, significant and protect distribution feeders, resulting in a wealth opportunities exist to improve the reliability of electric power of information that supports system restoration and distribution without rebuilding the existing distribution sys- improved reliability (Benner and Russell, 2004; tem. In general, these include: EPRI, 2005)
From page 65...
... Such continual maintenance The appropriate IEEE standards for emergency and also provides the opportunity for upgrading not just standby power technology are IEEE 446 ( IEEE to new power equipment but also to the distribution Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standby automation technologies mentioned above. Power Systems for Industrial and Commercial Appli cations)
From page 66...
... For example, the ERO and FERC plete physical and electrical picture of the power system could require NERC Category C performance for the com- in real time, and appropriate control measures that could mon N-2 event of a short circuit on a line with line outage, be taken automatically and rapidly or suggested to system and with simultaneous outage of a parallel line or line with operators. Research needed to make such a system a reality common termination because of protective relay misop- is discussed in Chapter 9.
From page 67...
... 1645­1656 in Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE Power Engineering terrorist attack. Where such vulnerabilities are discovered, Society Summer Meeting, Vol.
From page 68...
... A2/1­A213 in ment: A Key to Survival in the 1990s." IEEE Transactions on Power Proceedings of the Rural Electric Power Conference.


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