Prospects for Managed Underground Storage of Recoverable Water (2008) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 Overview of Managed Underground Storage Systems
2 Overview of Managed Underground Storage Systems
Pages 25-46
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 25... ...
are usually tied to one or more of these components. While issues related to water sources and end uses may be common to both underground and surface storage of water, many of these issues are unique to underground storage systems, such as the potential interactions between the stored water and the native water in the surrounding aquifer.
|
From page 26... ...
Pretreatment requirements for recharge basins may be as simple as a stilling basin to remove heavy loads of solids prior to application. Stormwaters and surface waters are typically applied to recharge basins without pretreatment.
|
From page 27... ...
The selection of recharge method will depend on aquifer type and depth and aquifer characteristics, which impact the ability to recharge water into the storage zone and recover that water later. The use of recharge basins and vadose zone wells is restricted to unconfined aquifers, while direct recharge and ASR wells may be used in both unconfined and deeper confined aquifer systems.
|
From page 28... ...
, which includes recharging water at the surface through recharge basins, ponds, pits, trenches, constructed wetlands, or other systems. Consistent with the figure, recharge wells can be used in either confined or thick, unconfined aquifers.
|
From page 29... ...
of recharge basins might be equivalent to a single recharge well. Therefore, the extensive land requirements for the use of recharge basins have made wells a more popular choice for groundwater recharge in urban areas.
|
From page 30... ...
Specific aquifers may also be protected by regulatory programs that must be considered in selecting and managing MUS systems. During storage in unconfined aquifers, the groundwater table may rise and distinct mounds of water may develop below recharge basins or vadose zone wells.
|
From page 31... ...
Since most biogeochemical reactions are surface mediated, water quality transformations that occur in alluvial materials may not be expected in nonalluvial aquifers where preferential flow paths exist. During storage, both water quality improvements and deterioration may occur (Chapter 4)
|
From page 32... ...
Since bank filtration systems do not have a vadose zone, there is no opportunity for aeration of the water during subsurface transport while most recharge basins have some opportunity for aeration during vadose zone transport. Development of redox gradients is not the only potential cause of water quality changes during storage.
|
From page 33... ...
For systems that use recharge basins or vadose zone wells, the screened depth of the recovery well can have an important impact on storage time. As water percolates through the vadose zone, it accumulates in the uppermost portion of the aquifer and travels primarily in the horizontal direction under saturated conditions.
|
From page 34... ...
History of Surface Recharge MUS Systems Many underground storage systems have consisted of recharge basins where excess surface waters were retained and allowed to percolate to a receiving aquifer. The use of recharge basins was a logical extension of flood retention basins where excess drainage waters in urban areas were stored.
|
From page 35... ...
. The first large-scale planned operation of groundwater recharge using municipal wastewater in the United States was implemented by the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County in 1962, using secondary effluent as source water and recharging via recharge basins (NRC, 1994)
|
From page 36... ...
through a 78-inch (198-cm) pipeline through the Santa Ana River corridor to Kraemer Basin in Anaheim, one of the deep recharge basins used in the 3 Orange County inland recharge area.
|
From page 37... ...
As real estate prices increased toward the end of the twentieth century and appropriate locations for surface recharge basins became scarcer, the need to develop a cost-effective method to recharge deep unconfined aquifers led to the development of vadose zone wells. Vadose zone wells are essentially shafts that are engineered to inject water efficiently into the ground.
|
From page 38... ...
Dependent upon site conditions and expected losses to the aquifer during storage, permitting requirements may reduce the amount of stored water that can be recovered if storage occurs for more than one year. As with seasonal storage of water supplies, MUS systems do not have the evaporation losses of surface water supplies and also require less use of land surface space for water storage that is needed only in drought situations.
|
From page 39... ...
MUS systems have also been cited as a means of backup storage of water supplies if there are impacts on treatment plants or surface water storage and distribution systems from earthquakes, brownouts, and terrorist attacks. Availability of Water Rights Both seasonal and long-term water availability may be tied to the prior appropriation legal system used throughout the western states.
|
From page 40... ...
By maintaining water levels by offsetting pumping with recharge, rather than mining nonrenewable groundwater resources, water users can reduce well interference and pumping costs, as well as prevent aquifer dewatering, land subsidence, and other impacts from stresses to groundwater resources by withdrawals. Arizona has an aggressive groundwater resources management program and uses ASR to recover groundwater levels in a stressed aquifer.
|
From page 41... ...
In addition to the other benefits associated with MUS as a means of water storage for water users, industries that need cooling water can withdraw water from underground storage that is at a lower temperature than surface water and thereby use that water for cooling purposes at lower costs than would be incurred if warmer water were used. After that cooling water has been used, exchanges can then be developed with agricultural water users, who may prefer warmer water for use on some crops.
|
From page 42... ...
Aquifer and to calls for additional water supplies and water management following droughts in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The original High Plains State Groundwater Demonstration Program Act was passed in 1983 and amended to include consideration of projects from all of the 17 western states in the contiguous United States that fall under the purview of USBR programs, rather than being limited to those states overlying the High Plains Aquifer.
|
From page 43... ...
They recharge groundwater through recharge basins, vadose zone wells, direct recharge wells, and ASR wells. The water is stored in a wide spectrum of confined and unconfined aquifer types, from unconsolidated alluvial deposits to limestones and fractured volcanic rocks.
|
From page 44... ...
1983. Use of recharge basins for storm water management on Long Island, New York.
|
From page 45... ...
1975. Ground-water Storage and Artificial Recharge.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.