Prospects for Managed Underground Storage of Recoverable Water (2008) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Constituents of MUS Waters
Appendix A: Physical, Chemical, and Microbiological Constituents of MUS Waters
Pages 297-332
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From page 297... ...
Additional important physical characteristics of MUS waters include dissolved oxygen, pH, oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) , specific conductance, and temperature.
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From page 298... ...
The control of odors is among the priority issues with respect to public acceptance of a project. Dissolved Oxygen Adequate dissolved oxygen in surface waters is required for aerobic respiration and is needed to protect fish and other aquatic life.
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From page 299... ...
The relationship between conductivity and TDS depends on the actual dissolved anions and cations (i.e., sodium chloride and calcium sulfate solutions of the same strength would have different specific conductances) , so it is only a general indicator.
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From page 300... ...
Excessive dissolved salts influence the ability to recycle water in an MUS system as they impart a salty taste (aesthetic concern) , accelerate corrosion of metals, form deposits, and can have a laxative effect in the case of sulfate.
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From page 301... ...
. Radionuclides are currently regulated in drinking water by the U.S.
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From page 302... ...
Monitoring for radionuclides in water supplies is straightforward, and it is prudent to periodically monitor the radionuclide activity in the source and extracted waters in MUS systems to ensure the safety of the consumer. ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS Residual organic carbon is a concern in underground storage systems because some of these compounds are associated with a broad spectrum of potential health concerns (Asano, 1998)
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From page 303... ...
The California Department of Health Services estimated that the maximum TOC concentration from reclaimed water in the drinking water supply was 1 mg/L. Presently, California has a guideline of 0.5 mg/L of TOC from recycled water that may be used for drinking water.
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From page 304... ...
The mosquito repellent DEET (N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, a personal care product, was suggested as a marker since it is biodegradable and almost all other biodegradable compounds were removed before DEET. Synthetic Organic Carbon Many waters used in underground storage systems are analyzed for contaminants regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act, which includes maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
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From page 305... ...
(2002) , who conducted a survey of 139 streams in the United States for 93 organic waste contaminants, and a wide range of pharmaceuticals and personal care products were measured creating concerns over the safety of surface waters as drinking water supply.
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From page 306... ...
As mentioned the primary research has focused on drinking water MUS systems and thus those microbes associated with fecal pollution and standards and rules for potable water have been the target of most of the controversy and studies. The bacterial pathogens are rarely monitored for, a select group of viruses may be monitored for on occasion, and the protozoa are monitored for in surface waters but not generally groundwaters.
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From page 307... ...
Adenoviruses Human Detected in High concentra Wastewater ground-, sur- tions in sewage, face, and long-term survival drinking water in water; more resistant to UV Coxsackie Human CB5 found to Cause of chronic wastewater be one of the diseases. most preva lent viruses in sewage and polluted wa ters.
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From page 308... ...
Parasites Cryptospori- Human and Found in Surface water Chlorinedium animal wastes groundwaters ranges from 3 resistant; highly to 80 percent monitoring re quired for drink ing water sys tems using sur face water as part of the Giardia Human and Influenced by Surface wa- LTESWTR animal wastes surface wa- ters; 100% in ters sewage Naegleria Free-living Recently Occurrence is Caused two protozoan in associated 20 percent in deaths from water with ground- groundwater groundwater in water in Ari- in Arizona Arizona zona found in areas with high HPC bacteria NOTE: CCL = Contaminant Candidate List ; LTESWTR = Long-term Enhance Surface Water Treatment Rule; PCR = polymerase chain reaction a All viruses are bio-nanoparticles and are able to move into aquifers and remain stable. Microbes of Fecal Origin Many microbial pathogens associated with waterborne disease are not native to the water bodies in which they are found and most have been introduced by human activities via point and nonpoint sources of fecal pollution (NRC, 2004)
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From page 309... ...
. Campylobacter are believed to originate from surface waters contaminated with animal and human wastes.
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From page 310... ...
They produce egg-like structures that are relatively large and thus are removed during drinking water filtration and infiltration. The risk to MUS systems is from the storage of surface waters and reclaimed waters and the recovery and use of the waters where humans may be exposed via drinking or recreation.
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From page 311... ...
, and under the Surface Water Treatment Rule, the detection of parasites in groundwater indicates legally a groundwater "under the influence" that must be treated as a surface water for potable purposes. Human Enteric Viruses The enteric viruses of concern with MUS systems originate from human feces; thus, contaminated surface waters, wastewaters, and septic tank effluents are the sources.
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From page 312... ...
Enterococci are a subgroup of fecal streptococci and tend to be more persistent than fecal coliforms, particularly through wastewater treatment processes, and have been better associated with groundwater contamination and disease risks from septic systems (Borchardt et al, 2003)
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From page 313... ...
A majority of the approximately 20% of all cases of Legionnaires' disease associated with recent travel are thought to be associated with drinking water systems (CDC, 2006)
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314 PROSPECTS FOR MANAGED UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF RECOVERABLE WATER al., 2002)
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From page 315... ...
Algal Toxins The cyanobacteria and their toxins are surface water phenomenon that must be addressed for drinking water in the future because they are on the EPA Contaminant Candidate List. The use of any surface waters for MUS will have to consider the algal toxins, their stability, and the potential risks associated primarily with drinking water applications.
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From page 316... ...
2 from Ingestion of Water (mg/L) Drinking Water Bromate zero 0.010 Increased risk of cancer Byproduct of
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From page 317... ...
(mg/L) gestion of Water Drinking Water 1 1 Chloramines MRDLG=4 MRDL=4.0 Eye/nose irritation; Water additive (as Cl2)
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From page 318... ...
and pulp mills; erosion of natural deposits 8 Copper 1.3 TT ; Short term exposure: Corrosion of house Action Gastrointestinal hold plumbing Level=1. distress systems; erosion of 3 natural deposits Long term exposure: Liver or kidney damage People with Wilson's Disease should consult their personal doctor if the amount of copper in their water exceeds the action level
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From page 319... ...
; Children teeth; erosion of may get mottled teeth natural deposits; discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories 8 Lead zero TT ; Infants and children: Corrosion of house Action Delays in physical or hold plumbing Level=0. mental development; systems; erosion of 015 children could show natural deposits slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities Adults: Kidney prob lems; high blood pressure Mercury (inor- 0.002 0.002 Kidney damage Erosion of natural ganic)
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From page 320... ...
(mg/L) Water Water 9 Acrylamide zero TT Nervous sys- Added to water tem or blood during sewage/ problems; wastewater increased risk treatment of cancer Alachlor zero 0.002 Eye, liver, Runoff from kidney or herbicide used spleen prob- on row crops lems; anemia; increased risk of cancer Atrazine 0.003 0.003 Cardiovascu- Runoff from lar system or herbicide used reproductive on row crops problems Benzene zero 0.005 Anemia; Discharge from decrease in factories; blood leaching from platelets; gas storage increased risk tanks and of cancer landfills
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From page 321... ...
zero 0.0002 Reproductive Leaching from difficulties; linings of water increased risk storage tanks of cancer and distribution lines Carbofuran 0.04 0.04 Problems with Leaching of blood, nervous soil fumigant system, or used on rice reproductive and alfalfa system Carbon zero 0.005 Liver prob- Discharge from tetrachloride lems; in- chemical creased risk of plants and cancer other industrial activities Chlordane zero 0.002 Liver or nerv- Residue of ous system banned problems; termiticide increased risk of cancer Chlorobenzene 0.1 0.1 Liver or kidney Discharge from problems chemical and agricultural chemical facto ries 2,4-D 0.07 0.07 Kidney, liver, Runoff from or adrenal herbicide used gland prob- on row crops lems Dalapon 0.2 0.2 Minor kidney Runoff from changes herbicide used on rights of way 1,2-Dibromo-3- zero 0.0002 Reproductive Runchloropropane (DBCP) difficulties; off/leaching increased risk from soil of cancer fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineap ples, and or chards o-Dichlorobenzene 0.6 0.6 Liver, kidney, Discharge from or circulatory industrial system chemical
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From page 322... ...
322 PROSPECTS FOR MANAGED UNDERGROUND STORAGE OF RECOVERABLE WATER problems factories p-Dichlorobenzene 0.075 0.075 Anemia; liver, Discharge from kidney or industrial spleen chemical damage; factories changes in blood 1,2-Dichloroethane zero 0.005 Increased risk Discharge from of cancer industrial chemical factories 1,1-Dichloroethylene 0.007 0.007 Liver problems Discharge from industrial chemical factories cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene 0.07 0.07 Liver problems Discharge from industrial chemical factories trans-1,2- 0.1 0.1 Liver problems Discharge from Dichloroethylene industrial chemical factories Dichloromethane zero 0.005 Liver prob- Discharge from lems; in- drug and creased risk of chemical cancer factories 1,2-Dichloropropane zero 0.005 Increased risk Discharge from of cancer industrial chemical factories Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate 0.4 0.4 Weight loss, Discharge from liver problems, chemical or possible factories reproductive difficulties.
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From page 323... ...
APPENDIX A 323 Dinoseb 0.007 0.007 Reproductive Runoff from difficulties herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables Dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) zero 0.0000000 Reproductive Emissions from 3 difficulties; waste incinera increased risk tion and other of cancer combustion; discharge from chemical factories Diquat 0.02 0.02 Cataracts Runoff from herbicide use Endothall 0.1 0.1 Stomach and Runoff from intestinal prob- herbicide use lems Endrin 0.002 0.002 Liver problems Residue of banned insec ticide 9 Epichlorohydrin zero TT Increased Discharge from cancer risk, industrial and over a chemical long period of factories; an time, stomach impurity of problems some water treatment chemicals Ethylbenzene 0.7 0.7 Liver or kid- Discharge from neys problems petroleum refineries Ethylene dibromide zero 0.00005 Problems with Discharge from liver, stomach, petroleum reproductive refineries system, or kidneys; increased risk of cancer Glyphosate 0.7 0.7 Kidney prob- Runoff from lems; repro- herbicide use ductive difficulties Heptachlor zero 0.0004 Liver damage; Residue of
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From page 324... ...
thymus gland landfills; problems; discharge of immune waste deficiencies; chemicals reproductive or nervous system difficulties; increased risk
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From page 325... ...
APPENDIX A 325 of cancer Pentachlorophenol zero 0.001 Liver or kidney Discharge from problems; wood preserv increased ing factories cancer risk Picloram 0.5 0.5 Liver problems Herbicide runoff Simazine 0.004 0.004 Problems with Herbicide blood runoff Styrene 0.1 0.1 Liver, kidney, Discharge from or circulatory rubber and system plastic problems factories; leaching from landfills Tetrachloroethylene zero 0.005 Liver Discharge from problems; factories and increased risk dry cleaners of cancer Toluene 1 1 Nervous Discharge from system, petroleum kidney, or liver factories problems Toxaphene zero 0.003 Kidney, liver, Runoff/leach or thyroid ing from insec problems; ticide used on increased risk cotton and of cancer cattle 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) 0.05 0.05 Liver problems Residue of banned herbicide 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 0.07 0.07 Changes in Discharge from adrenal glands textile finishing factories 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.20 0.2 Liver, nervous Discharge from system, or metal circulatory degreasing problems sites and other factories
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From page 326... ...
2 from Ingestion of Water (mg/L) Drinking Water 7 Alpha particles None 15 pico- Increased risk of cancer Erosion of natural -- -- -- -- -- curies deposits of certain zero per Liter minerals that are (pCi/L)
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From page 327... ...
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal (MRDLG) - The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health.
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From page 328... ...
8 Lead and copper are regulated by a Treatment Technique that requires systems to control the corrosiveness of their water. If more than 10% of tap water samples exceed the action level, water systems must take additional steps.
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From page 329... ...
2001. Water Quality Transforma tions during Soil Aquifer Treatment at the Mesa Northwest Water Reclama tion Plant, USA.
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From page 330... ...
1996. Helicobacter pylori in the drinking water in Peru.
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From page 331... ...
2005. Water Supply and Pollution Control, 7th Edition.
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